Welcome to the Just Legal Podcasts, brought to you by MNO Advocates LLP! We’re excited to kick off Season 3 with a compelling and insightful episode titled “Understanding the Legacy of Wealth: Intro to Transgenerational Estate Planning.” Join our host Liz Nderitu as she sits down with the senior partner at the firm, S. Okalle Makanda, for a candid and informative discussion on transgenerational estate planning.

In this episode, Liz and Makanda delve into the various aspects of estate planning, including the importance of creating wills, the implications of dying intestate (without a will), and the nuances of oral wills. With their engaging conversation, Liz and Makanda make the complex topic of estate planning accessible and even enjoyable, sharing a few laughs along the way. Whether you’re just starting to think about your estate plan or looking to update an existing one, this episode is packed with valuable insights and practical advice. Don’t miss out on this essential guide to securing your legacy and ensuring your wishes are honored across generations.

Be sure to subscribe to our channel, leave your thoughts and questions in the comments, and join the conversation on this vital topic. Hit that subscribe button, and let’s embark on this journey together! Subscribe to Just Legal Podcasts on YouTube and stay updated with our latest episodes.

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Digital revolution has paved way for financial inclusion in Kenya. This revolution has changed how Kenyans’ access money, borrow money and save/store money. The growth of financial access through technology, Fintech solutions, has provided financial intermediation between many Kenyans were either underserved or unbanked.

This has, in turn, led to the mushrooming of digital lenders and lending platforms, which have dismantled traditional barriers and reduced bureaucratic hurdles that previously hindered Kenyans from accessing credit.

Unfortunately, this ease of access to credit has come with an unbearable burden on borrowers. Kenyans have complained of:

1. High default rates among digital credit borrowers, leading to severe implications for negative listings at Credit Reference Bureaus (CRBs);
2. Defaults triggering aggressive loan recovery tactics, including calls made to borrowers’ social networks, such as families and friends, for repayment;
3. The pricing of loans, particularly the ambiguous application of interest rates and onerous penalty rates that render loans unpayable; and
4. Digital lenders serving as obvious avenues for money laundering.

There was therefore need to regulate this sector and a public outcry from Kenyans to be protected from digital lenders who were operating like shylocks.

This led the government to initiate regulatory and supervisory reforms for digital lending, and in 2021, the Central Bank of Kenya (Amendment) Act empowered the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) to license and oversee digital lenders. The Act refers to digital lenders as Digital Credit Providers (DCPs). Subsequently, in 2022, the CBK issued the Central Bank of Kenya (Digital Credit Providers) Regulations, which required all DCPs to apply to the CBK for a license.

ARE DIGITAL CREDIT PROVIDERS ONLY THOSE WHO LEND DIGITALLY?

Section 2 of the CBK Act states that;

“digital credit” means a credit facility where money is lent or borrowed through a digital channel;

“digital channel” means the internet, mobile devices, computer devices, applications and any other digital systems;

“digital credit business” means the business of providing credit through a digital channel;

“digital credit provider” means a person licensed to carry on digital credit business;

From a literal interpretation of this provisos, it can be easily assumed that any business that does not offer credit through digital channels is not a digital credit provider. The regulations also interchangeably use the word digital channel with the word platform.

This means that any lender who does not have a digital platform where Kenyans can apply for or receive a loan amount may of the considered view that they are not a digital credit provider. This interpretation led to many credit providers who still rely on non-digitized loan application forms and disburse funds through cheques or cash to not apply for the DCP License.

However, the question that begs is whether this literal interpretation aligns with the intention of the legislators when drafting the said provisos and regulations.

REASSESSING CBK’S OVERREACHING INTERPRETATION OF DIGITAL LENDING OVERSIGHT

Despite the literal interpretation that seems obvious from the reading of the legislation, CBK seems to take the mischief rule in interpreting these provisions. The mischief rule of interpretation means that CBK is looking at what the provision and regulation was meant to cure.

The effect of CBK’s interpretation is to bring every unregulated lender under its purview through licensing, regulation, supervision. Our opinion is based on the communication excerpt below from the Central Bank of Kenya.

We do not agree with this interpretation because it subjects all lenders to CBK supervision, regardless of their debt book, the nature of their lending, and the size of their debt portfolio. However, the Act and the regulations were meant to regulate businesses that lend through digital channels/platforms. While we disagree with this interpretation, the CBK has made it clear that businesses should not offer credit facilities without the required license. This position has not been challenged in court and thus remains the CBK’s stance.