Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD in his latest book Fostering Environmental Democracy and Biodiversity Conservation, (Glenhood Publishers, Nairobi, September 2021), argues that if human rights of communities and their right to public participation in development projects as guaranteed under international law regime are not protected, then there is not only the risk of failure of the particular projects but also emergence of conflicts. The book covers the thematic issues of Environmental Democracy, Biodiversity Conservation and Human Rights that are mostly dependent on the health of the environment for their fulfillment, Social Justice, and procedural and substantive rights in matters of biodiversity conservation, among others.
In addition, Dr. Muigua discusses select natural resources that are most relevant to biodiversity conservation as well as key in achieving certain human rights. These include water resources, land and agriculture, forest resources, among others. The thread through all these is established through the theme of fostering environmental democracy and biological diversity with the author making recommendations on how to ensure human rights of communities and especially their right to public participation in development projects is guaranteed to avoid conflicts and promote environmental conservation and achieve of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Content and Discussion
Chapter One of the book entails general introduction of the key concepts explored in the book, namely, Human Rights, Environmental Democracy and Biodiversity Conservation. While the chapter adopts a holistic approach, in the context of Kenya, in introducing the linkages between Environmental Democracy and biodiversity conservation and highlighting some of the challenges affecting the environment with a bias on biodiversity conservation. It also discusses the place of Environmental Democracy as a tool for promoting active and meaningful participation of communities in the conservation efforts and calls for balance between ecocentric and anthropocentric approaches in biodiversity conservation.
Chapter Two is a general overview of the diverse approaches to Biodiversity Conservation as outlined in the Convention on Biological Diversity. It discusses the important role of biodiversity in ensuring that the sustainable development agenda is achieved for the sake of current and future generations and how the concept of sustainable development is key in striking a balance between using ecosystem services to improve human lives and the need to ensure that the environment can comfortably replenish itself, that is, based on the ecocentric approaches to conservation against the anthropocentric approaches only. The conclusion is that the choice of management approach for each ecosystem should depend on its biodiversity composition.
Chapter Three discusses regulatory framework on Environmental Democracy and Biodiversity Conservation using Kenya as a case study. It highlights some of the main instruments under the international regulatory framework on conservation of biodiversity, both international and domestic, in the context of Kenya. It shows that biodiversity is covered by both strictly environmental legal instruments and more general legal instruments, especially in light of human rights and Environmental Democracy. It sets the stage for the next chapters which discuss how countries, including Kenya, can foster Environmental Democracy and biodiversity conservation, towards achieving the global sustainable development goals.
Chapter Four engages on the role of Biodiversity Conservation in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Biodiversity and ecosystems feature prominently across many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and associated targets as they contribute directly to human well-being and development priorities. Biodiversity is an essential for sustainable development and human well-being as it underpins the provision of food, fibre and water; it mitigates and provides resilience to climate change; it supports human health, and provides jobs in agriculture, fisheries, forestry and many other sectors. Dr. Muigua makes the case that without effective measures to conserve biodiversity and use its components in a sustainable manner, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are unachievable.
Chapter Five explores the nexus between Biodiversity Conservation and Water Resources Management given that water and wetlands are fundamental to life, livelihood, food security and sustainable development as an important factor of production in the agricultural sector. Chapter Six deals with sustainable land use and agricultural resources management for Biodiversity Conservation and makes some recommendations in respect of the same. He argues achieving conservation should be balanced with ensuring that communities exploit natural resources sustainably to meet their basic needs and also improve their lives. Chapter Seven tackles the ways communities can be effectively included in forest resources management through fostered Environmental Democracy for biodiversity conservation and human rights protection and promotion.
Chapter Eight discusses Gender Perspectives in Biodiversity Conservation and affirms the place of women in biodiversity conservation as part of their contribution towards realization of the 2030 Agenda on sustainable development goals. According to Dr. Muigua, there is a need for efforts towards biodiversity conservation to ensure active and meaningful inclusion of all people, both men and women, as access to these resources affects men and women in different ways. Chapter Nine addresses the place of cleaner and affordable energy sources for all as a tool for Biodiversity Conservation. The chapter explores how Kenya can fast-track its efforts towards achieving sustainable and affordable energy for all its people in line with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goal 7.
Chapter Ten highlights some of the contemporary issues that arise from biological diversity debates and are likely to affect how countries respond to the conservation of biodiversity responsibilities as envisaged under the international, regional and national environmental regulatory frameworks. These include issues touching on environmental, social, political and economic spheres of development. Dr. Muigua demonstrates that biodiversity conservation should not be treated as an independent issue but a complex one that involves various actions spanning across sectors as justification for his call for adoption of integrated approaches to management of various environmental and biodiversity resources.
Recommendations and Conclusion
Chapter Eleven is a case study of how to fostering environmental democracy and biological diversity in Kenya and offers recommendations on how countries can achieve sustainable development agenda through promoting Environmental Democracy and enhancing biodiversity conservation. Some of the proposed recommendations include enhancing environmental education in School Curricula for environmental awareness and environmental ethics, adopting Rights-Based approaches to Biological Diversity Conservation, ensuring effective pest control and promoting conservation of biodiversity for securing food and nutrition security as well as enhancing the place of Indigenous Knowledge in Biodiversity Conservation for increased public participation as resource persons.
Chapter Twelve offers a reflective conclusion to the book and way forward with Dr. Muigua making a strong case for the mainstreaming biodiversity for business as well as community and public participation through environmental democracy in achieving biodiversity conservation. In his own words, “It is imperative that all stakeholders join hands in conservation of biodiversity. Environmental Democracy can be used as a tool for promoting the active participation of all parties and especially communities whose livelihoods directly depend on the sustainable management of these resources…. Fostering Environmental Democracy and enhancing Biodiversity Conservation in Kenya is an imperative whose time is now.”