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Review: Fostering Environmental Democracy and Biodiversity Conservation

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Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD in his latest book Fostering Environmental Democracy and Biodiversity Conservation, (Glenhood Publishers, Nairobi, September 2021), argues that if human rights of communities and their right to public participation in development projects as guaranteed under international law regime are not protected, then there is not only the risk of failure of the particular projects but also emergence of conflicts. The book covers the thematic issues of Environmental Democracy, Biodiversity Conservation and Human Rights that are mostly dependent on the health of the environment for their fulfillment, Social Justice, and procedural and substantive rights in matters of biodiversity conservation, among others.

In addition, Dr. Muigua discusses select natural resources that are most relevant to biodiversity conservation as well as key in achieving certain human rights. These include water resources, land and agriculture, forest resources, among others. The thread through all these is established through the theme of fostering environmental democracy and biological diversity with the author making recommendations on how to ensure human rights of communities and especially their right to public participation in development projects is guaranteed to avoid conflicts and promote environmental conservation and achieve of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Content and Discussion

Chapter One of the book entails general introduction of the key concepts explored in the book, namely, Human Rights, Environmental Democracy and Biodiversity Conservation. While the chapter adopts a holistic approach, in the context of Kenya, in introducing the linkages between Environmental Democracy and biodiversity conservation and highlighting some of the challenges affecting the environment with a bias on biodiversity conservation. It also discusses the place of Environmental Democracy as a tool for promoting active and meaningful participation of communities in the conservation efforts and calls for balance between ecocentric and anthropocentric approaches in biodiversity conservation.

Chapter Two is a general overview of the diverse approaches to Biodiversity Conservation as outlined in the Convention on Biological Diversity. It discusses the important role of biodiversity in ensuring that the sustainable development agenda is achieved for the sake of current and future generations and how the concept of sustainable development is key in striking a balance between using ecosystem services to improve human lives and the need to ensure that the environment can comfortably replenish itself, that is, based on the ecocentric approaches to conservation against the anthropocentric approaches only. The conclusion is that the choice of management approach for each ecosystem should depend on its biodiversity composition.

Chapter Three discusses regulatory framework on Environmental Democracy and Biodiversity Conservation using Kenya as a case study. It highlights some of the main instruments under the international regulatory framework on conservation of biodiversity, both international and domestic, in the context of Kenya. It shows that biodiversity is covered by both strictly environmental legal instruments and more general legal instruments, especially in light of human rights and Environmental Democracy. It sets the stage for the next chapters which discuss how countries, including Kenya, can foster Environmental Democracy and biodiversity conservation, towards achieving the global sustainable development goals.

Chapter Four engages on the role of Biodiversity Conservation in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Biodiversity and ecosystems feature prominently across many Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and associated targets as they contribute directly to human well-being and development priorities. Biodiversity is an essential for sustainable development and human well-being as it underpins the provision of food, fibre and water; it mitigates and provides resilience to climate change; it supports human health, and provides jobs in agriculture, fisheries, forestry and many other sectors. Dr. Muigua makes the case that without effective measures to conserve biodiversity and use its components in a sustainable manner, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are unachievable.

Chapter Five explores the nexus between Biodiversity Conservation and Water Resources Management given that water and wetlands are fundamental to life, livelihood, food security and sustainable development as an important factor of production in the agricultural sector. Chapter Six deals with sustainable land use and agricultural resources management for Biodiversity Conservation and makes some recommendations in respect of the same. He argues achieving conservation should be balanced with ensuring that communities exploit natural resources sustainably to meet their basic needs and also improve their lives. Chapter Seven tackles the ways communities can be effectively included in forest resources management through fostered Environmental Democracy for biodiversity conservation and human rights protection and promotion.

Chapter Eight discusses Gender Perspectives in Biodiversity Conservation and affirms the place of women in biodiversity conservation as part of their contribution towards realization of the 2030 Agenda on sustainable development goals. According to Dr. Muigua, there is a need for efforts towards biodiversity conservation to ensure active and meaningful inclusion of all people, both men and women, as access to these resources affects men and women in different ways. Chapter Nine addresses the place of cleaner and affordable energy sources for all as a tool for Biodiversity Conservation. The chapter explores how Kenya can fast-track its efforts towards achieving sustainable and affordable energy for all its people in line with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goal 7.

Chapter Ten highlights some of the contemporary issues that arise from biological diversity debates and are likely to affect how countries respond to the conservation of biodiversity responsibilities as envisaged under the international, regional and national environmental regulatory frameworks. These include issues touching on environmental, social, political and economic spheres of development. Dr. Muigua demonstrates that biodiversity conservation should not be treated as an independent issue but a complex one that involves various actions spanning across sectors as justification for his call for adoption of integrated approaches to management of various environmental and biodiversity resources.

Recommendations and Conclusion

Chapter Eleven is a case study of how to fostering environmental democracy and biological diversity in Kenya and offers recommendations on how countries can achieve sustainable development agenda through promoting Environmental Democracy and enhancing biodiversity conservation. Some of the proposed recommendations include enhancing environmental education in School Curricula for environmental awareness and environmental ethics, adopting Rights-Based approaches to Biological Diversity Conservation, ensuring effective pest control and promoting conservation of biodiversity for securing food and nutrition security as well as enhancing the place of Indigenous Knowledge in Biodiversity Conservation for increased public participation as resource persons.

Chapter Twelve offers a reflective conclusion to the book and way forward with Dr. Muigua making a strong case for the mainstreaming biodiversity for business as well as community and public participation through environmental democracy in achieving biodiversity conservation. In his own words, “It is imperative that all stakeholders join hands in conservation of biodiversity. Environmental Democracy can be used as a tool for promoting the active participation of all parties and especially communities whose livelihoods directly depend on the sustainable management of these resources…. Fostering Environmental Democracy and enhancing Biodiversity Conservation in Kenya is an imperative whose time is now.”

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Why is THE LAWYER AFRICA Listing Top Law Firms and Top Lawyers?

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The Litigation Hall of Fame | Kenya in 2023 (The Most Distinguished 50 Litigation Lawyers in Kenya).

We live in the age of information overload where too much information (TMI) is increasingly making it difficult to find actionable legal data about a good law firm or lawyer. At the same time, legal services are increasingly going digital and finding your next lawyer is a now a matter of a few clicks. Many existing, new and potential clients are interested to know more about the lawyer handling or likely to handle their next case or transaction as every HR Manager seeks to know how their In-house Lawyer or next hire compares to peers.

The biggest dilemma especially for commercial consumers of legal services  is where to begin the journey in finding the law firm or the lawyer to meet their immediate legal need created by their new venture,  business, transaction or dispute. In-house counsel are also called upon to justify opting for one lawyer or law firm or over the other.  Hence, the rise in the popularity of international law directories rankings as an attempt to fill the yawning gap by listing a few dozen lawyers and law firms in esoteric categories that often don’t align with the legal needs of the domestic legal market.

But ranking two dozen elite lawyers or big law firms in a big jurisdiction like Kenya there are over 20,000 lawyers is merely a drop in the ocean. The result is the same candidates are listed year after year and an In-house Legal Team looking to infuse new blood in their external counsel panel is left very little discretion. At best, International legal ranking only succeed to tilt the scales in favour of few big firms and their lawyers and to aid the choice of International Legal buyers who are constrained for time in picking their External Counsel in jurisdictions where they cannot find referrals.

The questions that beg are: What about the other top law firms and lawyers who are equally good if not better but don’t have the time to fill the technical paperwork that comes with International Legal Directories rankings? What about Domestic Legal Buyers who simply want to justify why they prefer a lawyer or law firm not listed in the International Directory? Can increasing the number of listed lawyers or law firms from less 0.1% of the profession (as captured by International Law Directories) to at least 1% of the profession or higher for those specializing in the practice area help in enhancing access to justice in Africa? Can ranking law firms by number of fee earners help in the quest for a more accurate bird’s eye view of a country’s legal landscape?

At THE LAWYER AFRICA, we have set out to list Top Law Firms and Top Lawyers in the various practice areas in a way that democratizes law rankings and listings and brings this essential value add within reach of most lawyers and every law firms doing top legal work. We don’t promise to list all the top lawyers or law firms, but we commit to make sure every lawyer or law firm we list is at the top of the game in the listed practice area. We aim to help both little known and already known law firms and lawyers doing top legal work in their area of specialization get discovered by discerning clients and possibly get more opportunities to do great work.

THE LAWYER AFRICA is looking to list up to Top 200 Law Firms in every African Jurisdiction based on their reputation and number of fee earners headcount with a goal of listing at least Africa’s Top 1,000 Law Firms which are leaders in their respective countries. We also seek to list up to Top 1,000 Lawyers in every country in Africa in at least five main practice areas, namely, Litigation, Commercial Law, Property law, In-house and Private Sector or more.

THE LAWYER AFRICA categorizes law firms in large jurisdictions as Top 5, Top 10, Top 20, Top 50 and Top 100 (and allow tying where number of counsel is equal). The Top Lawyers are listed in three categories, namely, Hall of Fame (the Distinguished Top 50 or 75 Practitioners in a Practice Area), Top 100 (the Leading Top 100 Practitioners in a Practice Area) and Up-and-Coming (the promising Top 50 or 75 Practitioners in a Practice Area).  The placing of a listings depends on a number of key factors including the number of key matters or transactions handled, years in practice and experience, size of team working under a counsel, reputation and opinion of peers (where available) as established by THE LAWYER AFRICA.

THE LAWYER AFRICA prefers to list a counsel in only one listing, as far as possible. The Team tries (as far as possible) not to contact listed law firms or lawyers before the listing is finalized in the first. However, a listed law firm or lawyer may be contacted at the pre-launch stage of a list for purposes of selling merchandise relating to the launch but such engagement will not affect the listing. In case of future listings, it is expected that interested lawyers or law firms who feel they were previously left out of the list may to provide information for consideration to determine if they qualify for the next listing but that will not guarantee any listing.

THE LAWYER AFRICA undertakes not to charge for listing any lawyer or law firm. However, upon publication of a listing, as part of recovering the sunk costs we incur in the research and publication of the listings, we shall charge a token for printing and shipping of Quality A3 Certificate for listed Law Firms and/or A4 Certificate for listed Lawyers who wish to have or display the branded souvenirs or to use our proprietary digital materials in their business  branding. We may also charge listed and unlisted law firms and lawyers an affordable fee for limited banner advertising or publishing of enhanced profiles next to the listings.

For any question or feedback on any list or listing, feel free to contact THE LAWYER AFRICA PUBLISHER at info[at]thelawyer[dot]africa.

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The Roles of the Three Parts of the Permanent Court of Arbitration

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H.E. Amb. Marcin Czepelak, the Fourteenth Secretary-General of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

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Brief History of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

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By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, C.Arb, Current Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Representing the Republic of Kenya.

The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is a 124 Years Old Intergovernmental Organization currently with 122 contracting states. It was established at the turn of 20th Century during the first Hague Peace Conference held between 18th May and 29th July 1899. The conference was an initiative of then Russian Czar Nicholas II to discuss peace and disarmament and specifically with the object of “seeking the most effective means of ensuring to all peoples the benefits of a real and lasting peace, and, above all, of limiting the progressive development of existing armaments.” The culmination of the conference was the adoption of a Convention on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, which dealt not only with arbitration but also with other methods of pacific settlement, such as good offices and mediation.

The aim of the conference was to “strengthen systems of international dispute resolution” especially international arbitration which in the last century had proven effective for the purpose with number of successful international arbitrations being concluded among Nations. The Alabama arbitration of 1871-1872 between the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) under the Treaty of Washington of 1871 culminating in the arbitral tribunal’s award that the UK pay the US compensation for breach of neutrality during American Civil War which it did had demonstrated the effectiveness of arbitration in settling of international disputes and piqued interest of many practitioners in it as a mode of dispute resolution during the latter years of the nineteenth century.

The Institut de Droit International adopted a code of procedure for arbitration in 1875 to answer the need for a general law of arbitration governing for countries and parties wishing to have recourse to international arbitration. The growth of arbitration as a mode of international dispute resolution formed the background of the 1899 conference and informed its most enduring achievement, namely, the establishment of the PCA as the first global mechanism for the settlement of disputes between states. Article 16 of the 1899 Convention recognized that “in questions of a legal nature, and especially in the interpretation or application of International Conventions” arbitration is the “most effective, and at the same time the most equitable, means of settling disputes which diplomacy has failed to settle.”

In turn, the 1899 Convention provided for the creation of permanent machinery to enable the setting up of arbitral tribunals as necessary and to facilitate their work under the auspices of the institution it named as the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). In particular, Article 20 of the 1899 Convention stated that “[w]ith the object of facilitating an immediate recourse to arbitration for international differences which it has not been possible to settle by diplomacy, the signatory Powers undertake to organize a Permanent Court of Arbitration, accessible at all times and operating, unless otherwise stipulated by the parties, in accordance with the rules of procedure inserted in the present Convention.” In effect, the Convention set up a permanent system of international arbitration and institutionalized the law and practice of arbitration in a definite and acceptable way.

As a result, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) was established in 1900 and began operating in 1902. The PCA as established consisted of a panel of jurists designated by each country acceding to the Convention with each country being entitled to designate up to four from among whom the members of each arbitral tribunal might be chosen. In addition, the Convention created a permanent Bureau, located in The Hague, with functions similar to those of a court registry or secretariat. The 1899 Convention also laid down a set of rules of procedure to govern the conduct of arbitrations under the PCA framework.

The second Hague Peace Conference in 1907 saw a revision of the 1899 Convention and improvement of the rules governing arbitral proceedings. Today, the PCA has developed into a modern, multi-faceted arbitral institution perfectly situated to meet the evolving dispute resolution needs of the international community. The Permanent Court of Arbitration has also diversified its service offering alongside those contemplated by the Conventions. For instance, today the International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration serves as a registry in important international arbitrations. In 1993, the Permanent Court of Arbitration adopted new “Optional Rules for Arbitrating Disputes between Two Parties of Which Only One Is a State” and, in 2001, “Optional Rules for Arbitration of Disputes Relating to Natural Resources and/or the Environment”.

Reference

PCA Website: https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/introduction/history/ (accessed on 25th May 2023).

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