By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), Winner of Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021*
Courts are important players in promoting and securing the environmental rights of persons as well as in environmental conservation and are therefore useful in achievement of peace, sustainable development and environmental justice for all. Kenyans have a role to play in achieving the ideal of a clean and healthy environment. There is need to cultivate a culture of respect for environment by all by enhancing the role of the courts in enforcing key environmental laws, regulations and principles, whether at their own instance or upon indulgence by public litigators. In this article, the discussion centres on how judicial activism, public interest litigation and involving courts in matters touching on sustainable development can help in enhancing the role of courts in safeguarding environmental rights in Kenya.
Judicial Activism
The place of judicial activism in the safeguarding of environmental rights arises due to the fact that there not always clear definitions of some of the rights guaranteed in the Constitution regarding the environment and thus it is up to the courts to give guidance in certain matters. This would not be new as noted by some scholars. For instance, some scholars have argued that the role of courts in recognition of environmental rights around the world has been so fundamental that, whereas the right to a clean and healthy environment has rapidly gained constitutional protection around the world, in some countries, recognition of the right first occurred through court decisions determining that it is implicit in other constitutional provisions, primarily the right to life.
There is, therefore, a need for judicial activism so that jurisprudence in this area can be improved. For instance, there is no explanation of what, for example, amounts to a ‘clean and healthy environment’, and in some instances, it took the intervention of the High Court of Uganda in Electricity Transmission Co. Ltd v De Samaline Incorporation Ltd, Misc. Cause No. 181 of 2004 to delineate the right. Notably, section 20 of the Environment and Land Court Act gives the court suo moto jurisdiction. It is arguable that the section allows judges to engage in judicial activism to safeguard environmental rights by ensuring sustainable development using the devices envisaged in Article 159 of the Constitution to ease access to justice. Courts may therefore act without necessarily waiting for filing of any cases on public interest litigation so as to promote environmental justice.
Public Interest Litigation
Courts should continually support and encourage public interest litigation geared towards protection of environmental rights and enhancing environmental justice in Kenya. The Constitution in Article 70(1) provides for the enforcement of environmental rights and guarantees that any person may apply to a court for redress in addition to any other legal remedies that are available in respect to the same matter. Further, constitutional provisions that are useful in the promotion of the right under Article 70 are to be found under Articles 22, 23 and 48 thereof. These are important provisions that are aimed at promoting environmental justice for every person through use of public interest litigation. This was also affirmed in the case of Joseph Leboo & 2 others v Director Kenya Forest Services & another [2013] eKLR where the Court reiterated that one does not have to demonstrate personal loss or injury, in order to institute a cause aimed at the protection of the environment.
These provisions have been applied in other significant cases too including the Tanzanian case: African Network for Animal Welfare (ANAW) v The Attorney General of the United Republic of Tanzania, Reference No. 9 of 2010. Some of the ways through which courts can encourage aggrieved persons to make use of public litigation is being slow in awarding costs where such parties do not get favourable outcomes. This was in fact highlighted in the case of Brian Asin & 2 others v Wafula W. Chebukati & 9 others [2017] eKLR where the place of public litigation in constitutional matters was summarized in the following words: “an award of costs may have a chilling effect on the litigants who might wish to vindicate their constitutional rights.” This was also affirmed in the case of Republic v Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission & 2 others Ex-Parte Alinoor Derow Abdullahi & others [2017] eKLR.
National Courts and Sustainable Development
Access to justice is one of the pillars of the Agenda 2030 on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG Goal 16 seeks to ‘promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels’. It has rightly been argued that there are other regulatory approaches to achieving environmental protection and public health that are not rights-based. These include economic incentives and disincentives, criminal law, and private liability regimes which have all formed part of the framework of international and national environmental law and health law. For instance, the Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Amendment) Act, 2015 seeks to ensure that any area declared to be a protected area under section 54(1), may be managed in cooperation with any individual, community or government with interests in the land and forests and should provide incentives to promote community conservation.
Such an approach can boost the State’s efforts in sustainable development. In Peter K. Waweru v Republic [2006] eKLR, the Court observed that ‘…environmental crimes under the Water Act, Public Health Act and EMCA cover the entire range of liability including strict liability and absolute liability and ought to be severely punished because the challenge of the restoration of the environment has to be tackled from all sides and by every man and woman….’ The role of the State and the national courts, and indeed the general public, in promoting sustainable development through striking a balance between environmental conservation and development needs of the country was also reiterated in the case of Patrick Musimba –vs- National Land Commission & 4 Others (2016) eKLR where the Court reiterated the constitutional role of the State on ensuring sustainable development and every person’s right to a clean and healthy environment. Courts should thus closely work with the rest of the stakeholders in not only safeguarding the environment but also ensuring that the country meets its international and national obligations towards realization of the sustainable development agenda. Courts play an important role in giving life and meaning to human rights, including environmental rights, by providing a forum of last resort for human rights violations, at the national level.
*This article is an extract from the Article: Securing Our Destiny through Effective Management, (2020) Journal of Conflict Management and Sustainable Development Volume 4(3), p. 1. by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K., Securing Our Destiny through Effective Management of the Environment, (2020) Journal of Conflict Management and Sustainable Development Volume 4(3), p. 1.