By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), Winner of Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021*
The relevant regulatory framework in the regulation of carbon emissions in Kenya include the Constitution of Kenya, the Session Paper Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2016 and the Climate Change Act 2016 which was enacted to address the climate change in Kenya. In addition, the provisions of Article 2 of the Constitution of Kenya providing that the general rules of international law shall form part of the law of Kenya and any treaty or convention ratified by Kenya shall form part of the law of Kenya under the Constitution are also relevant in that that they incorporate international law on climate change into Kenyan law.
The Constitution of Kenya 2010
Article 10 of the Constitution outlines the principle of sustainability as one of the national values and principles of governance that must bind of policy and law makers. Further, Article 42 guarantees every person’s right to a clean and healthy environment, which includes the right to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through legislative and other measures, particularly those contemplated in Article 69; and to have obligations relating to the environment fulfilled under Article 70.
Article 69(1) requires the State to: ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of the accruing benefits; work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent of the land area of Kenya; encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment; establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment; and eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment.
Climate Change Act 2016
The Climate Change Act 2016 was enacted to provide for a regulatory framework for enhanced response to climate change and mechanism and measures to achieve low carbon climate development. The Act is applicable in the development, management, implementation and regulation of mechanisms to enhance climate change resilience and low carbon development for the sustainable development of Kenya. The Act is to be applied in all sectors of the economy by the national and county governments to mainstream climate change responses into development planning, decision making and implementation of mechanisms.
The enactment has been hailed as proof that Kenya takes climate change seriously. The Climate Change Act 2016 mandates the National Climate Change Council to set targets for the regulation of GHG emissions. As proof of the primacy the Government of Kenya gives climate change, National Climate Change Council is chaired by the President with Deputy President as vice-chair with a mandate to provide an overarching national climate change coordination mechanism. The Act also establishes the Climate Change Directorate – Secretariat to the Council and the lead agency of the government on national climate change plans and actions.
The Act requires the Government to develop five-year National Climate Change Action Plans (NCCAP) to guide the mainstreaming of adaptation and mitigation actions into sector functions of the National and County Governments. The Government of Kenya passed the NCCAP 2018-2022 which aims to further Kenya’s development goals by providing mechanisms and measures to achieve low carbon climate resilient development in a manner that prioritizes adaptation. This plan builds on the first Action Plan (2013-2017) and provides a framework for Kenya to deliver on its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). NCCAP 2018-2022 guides the climate actions of the National and County Governments, the private sector, civil society and other actors as Kenya transitions to a low carbon climate resilient development pathway.
Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2016 on National Climate Change Framework Policy
Kenya’s Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2016 on National Climate Change Framework Policy was formulated to enhance adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change, and promote low carbon development for the sustainable development of Kenya. The main objectives of this Policy include to establish and maintain an effective and efficient institutional framework to mainstream climate change responses across relevant sectors; reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by building adaptive capacity, enhance climate change resilience and strengthening capacities for disaster risk reduction; catalyze Kenya’s transition to cleaner, lower emission and less carbon intensive development; incentivize private sector involvement in building climate change resilience and engaging in low carbon development opportunities; and facilitate widespread public awareness, participation, ownership and oversight of Kenya’s climate change response efforts and Action Plans.
The Policy also sets out a framework to mobilise resources for Kenya’s climate change response and ensure effective and transparent utilization of the resources; adopt intergenerational, special needs and gender mainstreaming approaches across all aspects of Kenya’s climate change response; provide the policy framework to facilitate effective implementation of regularly updated and scientifically informed Climate Change Action Plans; and enhance research and use of science and technology in policy decisions and sustainable management of resources. The implementation of the Policy is guided by principles which include common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities; right to a clean and healthy environment; right to sustainable development; partnership; cooperative government; equity and social inclusion; special needs and circumstances; avoiding maladaptation; Integrity and transparency; and cost effectiveness.
The Climate Change Policy 2016 calls for low carbon climate resilient development through a number of actions: Enhancing Climate Resilience and Adaptive Capacity where the Government is to put in place mechanisms for sustainable utilisation of natural resources to enhance climate resilience and adaptive capacity to protect the natural capital of Kenya. The policy also provides for mainstreaming climate resilience into national and county government development plans, processes and implementation. Further, it commits the Government to ensure integration of climate change risk and vulnerability assessment in environment impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment and to develop incentives to promote climate resilient actions among public, private and other actors.
The Climate Change Policy also provides for identification and implementation of priority adaptation actions across key social, environmental and economic sectors under the framework of a National Adaptation Plan. The need to promote public and stakeholder consultation and participation, including with vulnerable groups, to enhance adaptive capacity and climate resilience and to develop mechanisms to build capacity to mainstream climate change into disaster risk reduction and management programmes is also underscored under the Policy. The Government is also bound to identify and implement fiscal, taxation and other policy options in priority areas with high GHG emission abatement potential that enhance sustainable development. Further, the Policy also highlights the need to promote the creation of green jobs and creating business friendly regulatory environments in key areas such as renewable energy, efficient transport, clean manufacturing and sustainable agriculture.
*This article is an extract from the Article: “The Race to Zero Emissions from an African Perspective,” (2021) Journal of Conflict Management and Sustainable Development Volume 7(3), p. 1 by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K., “The Race to Zero Emissions from an African Perspective,” (2021) Journal of Conflict Management and Sustainable Development, 7(3) p. 1.