By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), Winner of Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021*
Law and regulations are key tools in the conservation of environmental and biological resources because they define rights and responsibilities and function as a deterrent to individuals who would engage in actions that harm these resources. The law establishes the required framework within which all stakeholders can collaborate in the conservation of natural resources, both for the sake of the environment and to meet human needs. The international and regional legal instruments on biodiversity conservation recognize biodiversity’s potential to aid in the achievement of various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to food systems, as it is clear that global food production improvements are failing to meet human nutrition needs and feed the planet in a healthy, sustainable, and environmentally friendly manner.
The legal and institutional framework for food and nutrition security includes the Crop Act 2013, Seeds and Plant Varieties Act Cap 326, Biosafety Act 2009, Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service Act, 2012 and Environmental Management and Co-Ordination (Conservation of Biological Diversity and Resources, and Access to Genetic Resources and Benefits Sharing) Regulations, 2006.
The Crops Act 2013
The Crops Act 2013 under Section 8 provides that Agriculture and Food Authority shall in consultation with the National Biosafety Authority, advise the government on the introduction, safe transfer, handling and use of genetically modified species of plants and organisms in the country; establish experimental stations and seed farms for the development of varieties suitable to the agro-climatic conditions of the area and markets that will provide greatest value added to scheduled crops. The Genetic Resources Research Institute (GeRRI), under the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Act of 2013, and a semi-autonomous research Institute, is responsible for conserving plant genetic resources, animal and microbial genetic resources.
Under the Food Security Bill, 2015, the National and county governments shall to the extent of their constitutional mandate promote the physical and economic access to adequate food of acceptable quality; in ensuring that, the National government fulfils its obligations under subsection (l), the Authority shall promote traditional and other practices and technologies of food production that ensure the conservation of biodiversity. Notably, the structure of the food economy as a whole, as well as its components including agricultural output, technology, food processing diversity, markets, and consumption, all have an impact on food system resilience.
The functions of the Authority shall be to-promote measures to improve security and access to land and water resources and the optimum and sustainable utilization of these resources promote diversification and the use of alternative methods of agriculture and livestock Systems and the production of diverse food crops to mitigate against drought and other climatic conditions that negatively impact food production; The functions of a county food security committee shall be to initiate, undertake and participate in the collection, preparation, production and dissemination of data and information on food security and nutrition in the county.
Seeds and Plant Varieties Act, Cap 326
This is an Act of Parliament to confer power to regulate transactions in seeds, including provision for the testing and certification of seeds, for the establishment of an index of names of plant varieties, to empower the imposition of restriction on the introduction of new varieties, to control the importation of seeds, to authorize measures to prevent injurious cross-pollination, to provide for the grant of proprietary rights to persons breeding or discovering and developing new varieties, to establish a national centre for plant genetic resources and to establish a Tribunal to hear appeals and other proceedings and for connected purposes.56 This Act establishes a National Plant Genetic Resources Centre which shall be responsible for the conservation and sustainable utilization of plant biodiversity in Kenya.
Biosafety Act, 2009
Biosafety Act, 2009 is an Act of Parliament to regulate activities in genetically modified organisms, to establish the National Biosafety Authority, and for connected purposes. The objectives of this Act include to facilitate responsible research into and minimize the risks that may be posed by genetically modified organisms; to ensure an adequate level of protection for the safe transfer, handling and use of genetically modified organisms that may have an adverse effect on the health of the people and the environment and to establish a transparent, science-based and predictable process for reviewing and making decisions on the transfer, handling and use of genetically modified organisms and related activities.
Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service Act, 2012
The Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service Act is an Act of Parliament to establish the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service as a regulatory body for the protection of plants, seeds and plant varieties and agricultural produce, to be responsible for administering several other written laws and for matters incidental thereto or connected therewith.
Environmental Management and Co-Ordination (Conservation of Biological Diversity and Resources, And Access to Genetic Resources and Benefits Sharing) Regulations, 2006
The Environmental Management and Co-Ordination (Conservation of Biological Diversity and Resources, And Access to Genetic Resources and Benefits Sharing) Regulations, 2006 are to apply to access to genetic resources or parts of genetic resources, whether naturally occurring or naturalised, including genetic resources bred for or intended for commercial purposes within Kenya or for export, whether in in-situ conditions or ex-situ conditions. The Regulations shall, however, not apply to- the exchange of genetic resources, their derivative products, or the intangible components associated with them, carried out by members of any local Kenyan community amongst themselves and for their own consumption; access to genetic resources derived from plant breeders in accordance with the Seeds and Plant Varieties Act, Cap 326; human genetic resources; and approved research activities intended for educational purposes within recognized Kenyan academic and research institutions, which are governed by relevant intellectual property laws.
The Regulations require Environmental Impact Assessment for activities that may: have an adverse impact on any ecosystem; lead to the introduction of any exotic species; or lead to unsustainable use of natural resources. The Regulations also require the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), in consultation with the relevant lead agencies, to impose bans, restrictions or similar measures on the access and use of any threatened species in order to ensure its regeneration and maximum sustainable yield as a way to conserve threatened species. NEMA is also tasked with, in consultation with the relevant lead agencies, to identity and prepare an inventory of biological diversity of Kenya, which should include threatened, endangered, or rare species.
*This article is an extract from the Article: Biodiversity Mainstreaming for Food and Nutrition Security in Kenya by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K., “Biodiversity Mainstreaming for Food and Nutrition Security in Kenya,” (KMCO, 2021) Available at: http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/ 2021/12/ Biodiversity-Mainstreaming-for-Food-and-Nutrition-Security-in-Kenya-Kariuki-Muigua-December-2021.pdf (accessed on 05/04/2022).