By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), Winner of Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021.*
The Paris Agreement’s goal of staying under 2° Celsius and aiming for 1.5°C global warming, as compared to pre-industrial average global temperature, has been described as translating to scientifically limiting emissions of greenhouse gases within a finite global carbon budget. Greenhouse gas emissions account for the largest causes of anthropogenic climate change. It has been reported that globally, the economic slowdown during the coronavirus pandemic was expected to slash emissions by 4-7% in 2020, bringing them close to where global emissions were in 2010. However, concentrations of greenhouse gases are still rising rapidly in the atmosphere. Cutting down greenhouse gas emissions can potentially reduce the impacts and costs associated with climate change.
With the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, major cities around the world reported an increase in the numbers of people cycling and walking in public spaces. Cities such as Bogota, Berlin, Vancouver, New York, Paris and Berlin are reported to have expanded bike lanes and public paths to accommodate the extra cycling traffic, with Australia’s New South Wales government also encouraging councils to follow suit. The result has been a decline in global daily emissions, with the fall in road traffic being the main driver of the global emissions decline. It is estimated that daily global CO2 emissions decreased by –17% by early April 2020 compared with the mean 2019 levels, just under half from changes in surface transport.
The National and County Governments in Kenya could learn from these global trends and encourage more people to embrace cycling to and from work especially around major towns and the cities in Kenya by creating room for bike lanes and public paths as well as improving security in public places and enhancing road safety. This can potentially improve the country’s chances of achieving climate mitigation due to the reduced daily emissions from traffic. It has been suggested that encouraging cycling and working from home to continue beyond the current pandemic is likely to help countries in meeting their climate goals.
There is also a need for the country to embrace vehicle technology that emits less greenhouse gases such as electric vehicles and trains. While this will certainly require massive amount of investments and time, the investment will be worth it in the long run as far as reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is concerned. The country has however shown some intended positive steps towards this. Notably, the transport sector makes up the biggest share of petroleum consumption in Kenya; as such about 67% of Kenya’s energy-related CO2 emissions and 11.3% of Kenya’s total GHG emissions in 2015 came from transport-related activities (GHG inventory report, 2019).
Kenya thus seeks to implement low carbon and efficient transportation systems in its December 2020 updated NDC. These are: Upscaling the construction of roads to systematically harvest water and reduce flooding; Enhancing institutional capacities on climate proofing vulnerable road infrastructure through vulnerability assessments; and Promoting use of appropriate designs and building materials to enhance resilience of at least 4500 km of roads to climate risks. Key actions for the transport sector include: Developing an affordable, safe and efficient public transport system, including a Bus Rapid Transit System in Nairobi and non-motorised transport facilities; Reducing fuel consumption and fuel overhead costs, including electrification of the Standard Gauge Railway; Encouraging low-carbon technologies in the aviation and maritime sectors; Climate proofing transport infrastructure; Encouraging technologies such as development of electric modes of transport and research on renewable energy for powering different modes of transport; Creating awareness on issues such as fuel economy and electric mobility options; Putting enabling policies and regulations in place to facilitate implementation of the mitigation and adaptation actions.
There is also a need for the country to continually invest in renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind power, biogas, among others. The reduction of GHG emissions can also be done through, inter alia, involving the communities in nature-based solutions to reduce the emissions gap such as improved land use and management which may include low emissions agriculture, agro-forestry, and ecosystem conservation and restoration all of which could achieve this task if properly implemented.109 Nature-based solutions combine climate change mitigation, adaptation, disaster risk reduction, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable resource management.
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) is a mechanism that has been under negotiation by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 2005, with the objective of mitigating climate change through reducing net emissions of greenhouse gases through enhanced forest management, mostly in the developing countries. Forests play an important role in reducing GHG emissions. The Constitution of Kenya 2010 obligates the State to ensure that the country achieves a land surface tree cover of at least 10 per cent. It has been observed that past attempts to increase forest cover and address the problem of deforestation and forest degradation in the country have not been very successful due to a number of reasons: increasing demand for land for agriculture, settlement and other developments, high energy demand and inadequate funding to support investments in the forestry sector.
In order to overcome these challenges, Kenya’s participation in REDD+ is premised on the conviction that the process holds great potential in supporting: realization of vision 2030 objectives of increasing forest cover to a minimum of 10%; access to international climate finance to support investments in the forestry sector; Government efforts in designing policies and measures to protect and improve its remaining forest resources in ways that improve local livelihoods and conserve biodiversity; realization of the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) goals; and contribution to global climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. These efforts coupled with lifestyle changes and investments in cleaner technologies can potentially reduce greenhouse gases emission in Kenya thus enabling the country to meet and even exceed its global country targets.
*This article is an extract from the Article “Fostering the Principles of Natural Resources Management in Kenya” by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K., “Combating Climate Change in Kenya for Sustainable Development” (2021) Journal of Conflict Management and Sustainable Development (JCMSD) 6(2), p. 243; Available at: http://journalofcmsd.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Combating-Climate-Change-in-Kenya-for-Sustainable-Development.pdf (accessed on 31st May 2022).