By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), Winner of Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, ADR Publisher of the Year 2021, CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 and Nominee for African Arbitrator of the Year 2022. He is invited as a Guest Speaker at East African International Arbitration Conference 2022 to speak on the theme: Resettling for the New Age of Arbitration in Africa: Climate Change, Global Partnerships & Sustainable Development.*
In Africa, one of the most important natural resources is land. For instance, the Constitution of Kenya provides that land is to be held, used and managed in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable, and in accordance with the following principles: equitable access to land; security of land rights; sustainable and productive management of land resources; transparent and cost effective administration of land; sound conservation and protection of ecologically sensitive areas; elimination of gender discrimination in law, customs and practices related to land and property in land; and encouragement of communities to settle land disputes through recognised local community initiatives consistent with the Constitution. This is in recognition of the fact that Kenya is a diverse society with different communities who hold different values, attitudes and beliefs towards the land and its resources.
Natural resource based conflicts in Kenya are still prevalent and a cause of much concern. It has been noted that the contribution of the issue of land to violent conflicts in Kenya is due to the way land is “treated with fervent sentimentality and sensitivity and in many ways considered explosive.”43 There have been frequent and well documented reports of violent conflicts over access to and use of land in Kenya. For example, recently, Narok and Kwale Counties suffered natural resource conflict albeit in varying degrees. In Narok, Kenya, clashes between Maasai and Kipsigis in Olposimoru, Narok County in December 2015 over what is believed to be natural resource based conflict resulted in human casualties and displacement. In Kwale County, there have also been cases of violence related to natural resource exploitation.
In such instances, one may find that a few herdsmen may have been accused of ‘trespassing’ to graze in another community’s territory and were thus attacked. The resultant chaos in retaliation affects the whole community. For them, it is not about arresting the involved individuals and arraigning them in court. It is about protecting the interests of the whole community and thus, any approaches to managing the conflict must involve the whole community or their representatives and address all of their concerns. Land clashes that occurred in Kenya in 1992 and 1997 have been attributed to inequitable allocation of land resources and poor government policies and programmes perceived as favouring some factions at the expense of others. The issues of the use of environmental resources underlie the numerous conflicts that have occurred in Kenya.
The post-election violence in 2007-08 can be traced, to a large extent, to contests over access to and use of natural resources in Kenya and the harboured feelings of alienation and discrimination in access and benefit sharing of the accruing benefits. Further, it is also been observed that conflicts between biodiversity conservation and other human activities are intensifying as a result of growing pressure on natural resources and concomitant demands by some for greater conservation. Consequently, approaches to reducing conflicts are increasingly focusing on engaging stakeholders in processes that are perceived as fair, i.e. independent and where stakeholders have influence, and which in turn can generate trust between stakeholders. It is thus believed that increased trust through fair participatory processes makes conflict resolution more likely.
Although the existence of legal and institutional framework in the country is meant to deal with natural resource based conflicts, arguably, it has not offered much in stemming the natural resource based conflicts due to inadequacies within the structure. One of the ways of stemming natural resource based conflicts would be striking a balance between conservation measures and access to resources by communities, through employing approaches that help in understanding the needs of the particular people and responding appropriately and consequently building trust within communities and between communities and the national government. For conflict management to be successful there is a need to conduct a historical analysis (with the participation of local people) so that the major issues can be identified, analysed and discussed.
The Kenyan legal system has always preferred litigation as a mechanism for conflict resolution yet courts of law are often inaccessible to the poor, marginalized groups and communities living in remote areas. This is due to the cost of litigation, distance to the courts, language barriers, political obstacles, among other factors. Cases could run for years without a possible solution in sight. Courts and formal tribunals are sometimes inflexible, bureaucratic and do not foster the maintenance of cordial relations between the parties. Parties come out of the proceedings before such courts and tribunals bitter and discontented. It has been argued that through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), multiparty “win-win” options are sought by focusing on the problem (not the person) and by creating awareness of interdependence among stakeholders. This is justified on the fact that among the issues that influence negotiation attitudes, interdependence is of central importance, as actors’ attitudes and behaviour are shaped by the fact that they will need to coexist after the period of negotiation.
*This article is an extract from the Article “Managing Environmental Conflicts through Participatory Mechanisms for Sustainable Development in Kenya” by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K., “Managing Environmental Conflicts through Participatory Mechanisms for Sustainable Development in Kenya,” Available at: http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/ 2018/08/Managing-Environmental-Conflicts-through-Participatory-Mechanisms-for-Sustainable-Development-in-Kenya-Kariuki-Muigua-August-2018.pdf (accessed 15th June 2022).