By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Sustainable Development Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), The African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 and ADR Publisher of the Year 2021*
It has been observed that energy and more precisely, inequitable access to energy—represents one of Africa’s greatest obstacles to social and economic development. Notably, the Continent is largely divided into three regions namely: North Africa, which is heavily dependent on oil and gas, South Africa, which depends on coal and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa, which is largely reliant on biomass.2 Kenya falls within the Sub-Saharan Africa which also means that most of its citizens especially within the rural regions rely mainly on biomass, (unprocessed wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and animal waste), with adverse effects on their health. Thus, while the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon launched the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative (SE4All) in 2011 where he also declared 2012 the year for sustainable energy for all, this has largely remained a mirage especially for the African region.
The Kenya Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) Action Plan, was launched by the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum as an Action Agenda (AA) with an energy sector-wide long-term vision spanning the period 2015 to 2030, which outlines how Kenya will achieve her SE4All goals of 100% universal access to modern energy services, increase the rate of energy efficiency and increase to 80% the share of renewable energy in her energy mix, by 2030. In addition, the updated Least cost power development plan 2017-2037 developed by the Ministry of Energy and Petroleum, which is an update of the 2015-2035 electricity Sector Master plan estimated peak demand for the period 2017-2037 ranges from 1,754MW to 6,638MW in the reference case scenario, 1,754MW to 9,790MW in the high case and between 1754MW in 2017 to 4,763MW in 2037 in the low case scenario.
The energy sources considered in the system expansion plan for the different cases in the report included: Geothermal, nuclear, Wind, Solar, Import, Petrolthermal plants, Hydropower, Coal and Natural gas. However, while Kenya has made significant steps towards increasing the power production, sustainability of some of these sources as well as affordability remains a challenge. The challenges facing Kenya’s energy sector have been summarized as including: low electrification rate, reliance on imported fossil fuels, transmission inefficiencies, frequent power outages, high cost of rural electrification, demand for electricity outstripping generation capacity, and inability of the power utility agency to connect all customers who apply for connection to the national grid.
It has been noted that the energy use of human societies has historically been marked by four broad trends: Rising consumption as societies industrialize, gain wealth and shift from traditional sources of energy (mostly biomass-based fuels such as wood, dung and charcoal) to commercial forms of energy (primarily fossil fuels); steady increases in both the power and efficiency of energy-producing and energy-using technologies; de-carbonization and diversification of fuels, especially for the production of electricity, throughout most of the 20th century; and a reduction in the quantities of conventional pollutants associated with energy use. Arguably, Kenya’s energy sector is still struggling with problems that hinder the smooth transition through the stated trends, thus exposing its people to poverty and the potential adverse health effects.
Right to energy is so important that some authors have argued that ‘food and energy are the two essential resources to support the modern and civilized society of the mankind’. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goal 7 seeks to ‘ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all’. The associated targets that are meant to create action to ensure universal access to sustainable energy include: By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services; by 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix; by 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency; By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology; and by 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support. This goal was informed by the fact that ‘the world has experienced a rapid demand of energy sources, both fossil fuels and renewables’.
In addition, ‘as the population continues to grow, so will the demand for cheap energy, and an economy reliant on fossil fuels is creating drastic changes to our climate’. Urbanization and ambitions of economic development will also demand more energy. The United Nations rightly points out that while ‘energy is central to social and economic wellbeing, 1.1 billion people have no access to electricity, while 2.9 billion have to cook with polluting, inefficient fuels such as firewood’. Some commentators have observed that ‘SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy ensures access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy and is crucial in achieving many of the SDGs – from poverty eradication via advancements in health, education, water supply, and industrialization to mitigating climate change’. 18 Access to cleaner and affordable energy sources is thus an important part of the journey towards achieving the sustainable development goals.
*This article is an extract from published article “Delivering Clean and Affordable Energy for All,” by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, the African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), CIArb (Kenya) ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 and ADR Publisher of the Year 2021. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Foremost Dispute Resolution Expert in Africa ranked among Top 6 Arbitrators in Kenya by Chambers and Partners, Leading Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized as one of the leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K., “Delivering Clean and Affordable Energy for All,” Available at: http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Delivering-Clean-and-Affordable-Energy-for-All-Kariuki-Muigua-Ph.D-24th-April-2021-1.pdf (accessed 25 June 2022).