By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Sustainable Development Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), The African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 and ADR Publisher of the Year 2021*
Unlike international commercial arbitration, international commercial mediation is yet to take root in Kenya. Kenya has quite an elaborate legal and institutional framework that has facilitated the use of arbitration in managing international commercial disputes. These include the Arbitration Act, 30 the Nairobi Centre for International Arbitration Act and institutions such as the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators-Kenya, the Nairobi Centre for International Arbitration and the International Chamber of Commerce that have facilitated the uptake of international commercial arbitration. Kenya is also a signatory to the New York convention that provides a framework for the enforcement of international arbitral awards. This is not the case for international commercial mediation at the moment. However, Kenya is continuing to develop its domestic mediation framework and this offers promise for international commercial mediation.
The Constitution of Kenya enshrines the right of access to justice and provides that the state shall ensure access to justice for all persons and, if any fee is required, it shall be reasonable and shall not impede access to justice. In actualising the right of access to justice, the Constitution mandates courts and tribunals while exercising judicial authority to give effect to alternative forms of dispute resolution including reconciliation, mediation, arbitration and traditional dispute resolution mechanisms. Mediation is one of the forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution and flows from negotiation. It arises where parties to a dispute have attempted negotiations but have reached a deadlock. As a result, parties agree to involve a third party to assist them continue with the negotiation process with the aim of breaking the deadlock. Mediation has been practiced in the country since time immemorial.
Indigenous African communities adhered to the values of harmony and togetherness and whenever a dispute arose between two parties, they would attempt to amicably resolve the dispute through negotiation. In case of a deadlock, other parties and institutions such as the council of elders would come in and assist parties arrive at a solution. Following Constitutional recognition of mediation and other ADR mechanisms vide article 159 (2) (c), measures have been taken towards mainstreaming mediation in the justice system. The Civil Procedure Act was amended to introduce Court Annexed Mediation. This Act establishes the Mediation Accreditation Committee appointed by the Chief Justice whose functions include inter alia determining the criteria for certification of mediators; maintaining a register of qualified mediators and enforcing a code of ethics for mediators as may be prescribed. This Act further allows courts to refer cases to mediation on the request of the parties concerned; where it is deemed appropriate to do so and where the law requires.
Vide the Mediation (Pilot Project) Rules, 2015, the court annexed mediation was introduced in the commercial and family divisions of the High Court at Milimani Law Courts, Nairobi and has since spread to other divisions and court stations outside Nairobi. The Court-Annexed mediation has had its impact and success with the annual State of the Judiciary & Administration of Justice Reports highlighting the role it plays in enhancing access to justice in Kenya.41 However, Court-Annexed Mediation has also been criticised for its inherent weaknesses. It has been argued that the process is formal contrary to the attributes of mediation such flexibility and ability to be conducted in informal settings. Further, the process to a large extent goes against the principle of voluntariness which is one of the hallmarks of mediation since parties are forced to mediate. It has also been asserted that court annexed mediation is contrary to the attribute of privacy since court documents become public once filed and can be accessed by any person.
Attempts have been made towards addressing some of the challenges arising from the current practice of mediation in Kenya. The Alternative Dispute Resolution Policy is one such endeavour. The purpose of this draft policy is to strengthen, guide and support the growth of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the Country in order to achieve optimal delivery of access to justice for all Kenyans. The policy is intended to create a well-coordinated, well capacitated and cohesive ADR system that is strategically linked to the formal system, while at the same time maintaining its autonomy as an informal system and providing quality justice services to Kenyans across the country. The Policy identifies several challenges that undermine the full realization of the goals of ADR mechanisms including mediation. These include unclear scope of ADR, jurisdictional challenges, question of justiciability, inadequate implementation of existing laws and lack of framework legislation.
The policy also identifies some of the challenges facing mediation in particular such as the existence of numerous institutions with each developing their own different rules, curricula and training programs. This has resulted in duplication, disparate standards and a disjointed practice of mediation in Kenya. The policy proposes several recommendations aimed at enhancing the practice of ADR in Kenya which include strengthening the legal and institutional framework for ADR; enhancing the quality and efficacy of ADR services; regulation and governance; promoting quality and standards of practice in ADR; capacity building; increasing availability, accessibility and uptake of ADR services and developing a framework for efficient recognition, adoption and enforcement of ADR decisions. Promoting quality and standards of practice of mediation as envisaged by the ADR policy will also be essential in facilitating international commercial mediation since it will boost confidence within the business community of the country’s capability as an ideal mediation forum.
While Kenya continues to strengthen its domestic legal and institutional framework on mediation, it is also important to create an enabling environment that would facilitate the uptake of international commercial mediation. Mediation is increasingly being used in international and domestic commercial practice as an alternative to litigation and arbitration due to its significant benefits, such as preserving commercial relationships, facilitating the administration of international transactions by commercial parties and producing savings in the administration of justice by States. As part of the international business community Kenya should not be left behind. The country should join the noble course towards creating an enabling legal and institutional environment to facilitate international commercial mediation. Adopting the Singapore Convention and the Model Law represents a good starting point in the quest towards enhancing the scope of international commercial mediation in Kenya.
*This article is an extract from published article “Adopting the Singapore Convention in Kenya: Insight and Analysis,” by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, the African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), CIArb (Kenya) ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 and ADR Publisher of the Year 2021. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Foremost Dispute Resolution Expert in Africa ranked among Top 6 Arbitrators in Kenya by Chambers and Partners, Leading Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized as one of the leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K., “Adopting the Singapore Convention in Kenya: Insight and Analysis,” Available at: http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Adopting-the-Singapore-Convention-in-Kenya-Insight-and-Analysis-15th-Sept.pdf (accessed 28 June 2022).