News & Analysis

Tackling Climate Change through Science and Technology: Progress and Challenges

Published

7 months ago

February 19, 2024

Admin

By Hon. Prof. Kariuki Muigua, OGW, PhD, C.Arb, FCIArb is a Professor of Environmental Law and Dispute Resolution at the University of Nairobi, Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration, Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Respected Sustainable Development Policy Advisor, Top Natural Resources Lawyer, Highly-Regarded Dispute Resolution Expert and Awardee of the Order of Grand Warrior (OGW) of Kenya by H.E. the President of Republic of Kenya. He is The African ADR Practitioner of the Year 2022, The African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, ADR Practitioner of the Year in Kenya 2021, CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 and ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and Author of the Kenya’s First ESG Book: Embracing Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) tenets for Sustainable Development” (Glenwood, Nairobi, July 2023) and Kenya’s First Two Climate Change Law Book: Combating Climate Change for Sustainability (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023), Achieving Climate Justice for Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023) and Promoting Rule of Law for Sustainable Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, January 2024)*

It has been observed that science and technology have enhanced the response to the global threat of climate change in various ways including emissions reduction which involves tackling climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions; sequestration which entails removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into permanent geological, biological or oceanic reservoirs; adaptation through responding to and coping with climate change as it occurs, in either a planned or unplanned way; and solar geoengineering through large-scale engineered modifications to limit the amount of sunlight reaching the earth, in an attempt to offset the effects of ongoing greenhouse gas emissions .

Further, science and technology are enhancing low carbon development in various sectors. Low carbon development refers to forward-looking national economic development plans or strategies that encompass low-emission and/or climate-resilient economic growth. Low carbon development has also been defined as long term climate-friendly growth strategies that can highlight a country’s priority actions for climate mitigation and adaptation, and a country’s role in the global effort against climate change. Low-carbon development aims to achieve the goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, exploiting low-carbon energy, and fostering economic growth. Scientific research and technological innovation have enhanced low carbon development through the development of clean and green technologies and climate smart practices in various sectors including energy, agriculture, transport, infrastructure, industry and biodiversity conservation.

Science, technology and innovation have enhanced energy efficiency through the development of clean sources of energy such as renewable energy. The energy sector is the central front in the battle to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, it has been rightly pointed out that cleaner technologies, including cleaner energy technologies, have an important role to play in addressing climate change. Clean energy technologies especially renewable sources of energy such as solar energy (solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, high efficiency solar cells), energy from urban and industrial wastes, wind, biomass (bio-fuels, bio-gas, waste to energy) and small hydro, ocean and geothermal energy and new technologies including fuel cells and hydrogen have enhanced global efforts towards tackling climate change.

It has been observed that clean energy technologies such as renewable sources of energy emit little to no greenhouse gases and have made massive strides in performance and cost, making it more feasible than ever to shift the world away from burning fossil fuels at a faster pace than previously thought. Further, it has been asserted that these developments have increased the economic attractiveness of low-emission energy sector transitions towards combating climate change. It is therefore important to effectively embrace clean energy technologies in order to strengthen the global response to climate change. Science and technology is also enhancing low carbon development in the transport and infrastructure sector through low carbon infrastructure and green transport models.

It has been estimated that approximately 79% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from infrastructure construction and operations such as power plants, buildings, and transport. In order to curb this situation while maintaining infrastructure as a priority sector for climate action, and national growth in general, climate experts have argued that governments need to radically rethink how infrastructure is planned, delivered and managed in order to make it suitable for a low emission and resilient future. Scientific research and technological innovation have tried to address this concern through the development of low carbon infrastructure projects such as railway infrastructure and urban transport projects including metros and light rail projects which reduce motor vehicle usage.

Science and technology are revolutionizing the transport and infrastructure sector through the development of hybrid electric vehicles, battery electric vehicles, solar electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, improved diesel vehicles, alternative fuel technologies, material substitution technologies, smart traffic infrastructure/intelligent transport systems and the use of information technologies for traffic management. Further, in the infrastructure sector, there is increased adoption of green construction materials including flash-based bricks, RCC blocks, cellular lightweight concrete, bamboo-based materials and bagasse boards; efficient lighting system; and adoption of nature-based infrastructure. These measures have aided in the reduction of greenhouse gases and improved efforts towards tackling climate change.

Science and technology are also enhancing the response to climate change in the agriculture sector through climate smart agricultural practices which are geared towards enhancing the resilience of the agriculture sector and promoting food security while curbing greenhouse gas emissions. Advanced farming machinery; innovative farming techniques including zero budget farming, organic farming; smart irrigation technologies including drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation; energy efficient farming technologies; the use of nanotechnology; mechanisation of horticulture; and scientific research in agricultural extension are some of the scientific and technological approaches that are enhancing the resilience of the agricultural sector and promoting food security while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Technologies such as genetic engineering have been adopted to transfer the nitrogen fixing capabilities of legumes such as peas and beans into cereal crops so to attain higher yields, without the use of expensive fertilizers towards curbing carbon emissions and environmental pollution. Scientific research and technological innovation have also increased the adoption of regenerative agricultural practices such as crop rotation, agroforestry, use of drought- and heat-resistant crops, integrated pest control systems, water harvesting and irrigation. This approach has helped in fostering high-yielding, resilient, and adaptive practices in the agricultural sector.

Science and technology have therefore played a pivotal role in tackling climate change in the agriculture sector. Science and technology have also enhanced the response towards climate change through carbon sequestration. Carbon sequestration involves removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it into permanent geological into permanent geological, biological or oceanic reservoirs. Carbon sequestration can prevent further emissions from contributing to the heating of the planet. This concept happens in two forms: biologically or geologically.

Biological carbon sequestration happens when carbon is stored in the natural environment in ‘carbon sinks’, such as forests, grasslands, soil, oceans and other bodies of water. Geological carbon sequestration is an artificial process that involves removing carbon from the atmosphere and storing it in places such as underground geological formations or rocks. It majorly relies on technology with recent innovations such as graphene production and carbon capture and storage showing carbon being sequestered more effectively on larger scales. Carbon sequestration is therefore an important process in tackling climate change by removing carbon dioxide from atmosphere and storing it in order to mitigate its negative impacts on the planet. Science and technology are aiding in carbon sequestration.

In addition, science and technology are enhancing efforts to tackle climate change by fostering biodiversity conservation. The Convention on Biological Diversity recognizes the role of science and technology in the conservation of biodiversity and urges parties to foster and collaborate in areas such as scientific research, access to and transfer of technology and exchange of scientific information in order to enhance the conservation of biodiversity. Science and technology can enhance conservation of biodiversity through remote sensing, ex-situ conservation, biotechnology, bioremediation in order to restore damaged biodiversity, and information technology among others.

Finally, it has been pointed out that Artificial Intelligence (AI) is helping to reduce greenhouse gases at industrial facilities as part of the efforts towards tackling climate change. AI is enhancing improvements in energy efficiency, generation and storage, redefining energy systems, unlocking the possibility of data driven power options and enabling smart city development. It has been pointed out that climate data sets are enormous and take significant time to collect, analyze, and use to make informed decisions and enact actual policy change. Using AI to factor in elements of climate change that are constantly evolving can aid in making informed predictions about changes in the environment, in order to adopt mitigation efforts earlier.

AI is therefore one of the technological revolutions that can aid efforts towards tackling climate change. It is therefore evident that science and technology are viable tools in tackling climate change. However, it has been observed that developing countries continue to face barriers in accessing clean and climate friendly technology. Further, most countries especially in the developing world are yet to fully invest in climate science research and development hence hindering effective mitigation and adaptation efforts. It is imperative to effectively embrace science and technology in order to enhance the global response on climate change.

*This is an extract from the Book: Promoting Rule of Law for Sustainable Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, January 2024) by Hon. Prof. Kariuki Muigua, OGW, PhD, Professor of Environmental Law and Dispute Resolution, Senior Advocate of Kenya, Chartered Arbitrator, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya), African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Africa ADR Practitioner of the Year 2022, Member of National Environment Tribunal (NET) Emeritus (2017 to 2023) and Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration nominated by Republic of Kenya. Prof. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Prof. Kariuki Muigua teaches Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law, The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP) and Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies. He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Prof. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates and Africa Trustee Emeritus of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators 2019-2022. Prof. Muigua is a 2023 recipient of President of the Republic of Kenya Order of Grand Warrior (OGW) Award for his service to the Nation as a Distinguished Expert, Academic and Scholar in Dispute Resolution and recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Band 1 in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2024 and was listed in the Inaugural THE LAWYER AFRICA Litigation Hall of Fame 2023 as one of the Top 50 Most Distinguished Litigation Lawyers in Kenya and the Top Arbitrator in Kenya in 2023.

References

Africa Union., ‘Agenda 2063: The Africa we Want.’ Available at https://au.int/sites/default/files/ documents/33126-docframework_document_book.pdf (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Africa Union., ‘Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy for Africa, 2024.’ Available at https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/38756-docstisa_science_tech_innovation_strategy.pdf (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Amboko. J., ‘Kenya’s Plan to Unlock Carbon Credit Market.’ Available at https://www.businessdailyafrica. com/bd/economy/kenya-s-plan-to-unlockcarbon-credit-market–4357006 (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Australian Academy of Science., ‘What does Science Say About Options to Address Climate Change?’ Available at https://www.science.org.au/learning/generalaudience/science-climate-change/9-what-does-science-say-about-climate-changeoptions (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Brickstone., ‘Low-Carbon Infrastructure in Curbing Climate Change.’ Available at https://brickstone.africa/ low-carbon-infrastructure-inclimatechange/#:~:text=Urban%20transport%20projects%2C%20such%20 as,emissio ns%20compared%20to%20fo ssil%20fuels (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Climate Champions. ‘How Regenerative Agriculture Can Increase Africa’s Food Production.’ Available at https://climatechampions.unfccc.int/call-to-action-forclimate-resilient-sustainable-food-systems-inafrica/ (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Climate Change (Amendment) Act, 2023, Government Printer, Nairobi.

Climate Change Act, No. 11 of 2016, Laws of Kenya.

Conrow. J., ‘Borlaug’s Dream is Being Realized.’ Available at https://allianceforscience.org/blog/ 2017/04/borlaugs-dream-is-being-realized/(Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Irfan. U., ‘This is What we Need to Invent to Fight Climate Change.’ Available at https://www.vox.com/23042818/climate-change-ipcc-wind-solar-batterytechnology-breakthrough (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Kennedy. C, Ibrahim. N, & Hoornweg. D., ‘Low-Carbon Infrastructure Strategies for Cities.’ Available at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nadine-Ibrahim2/publication/262954714_Lowcarbon_infrastruct ure_strategies_for_cities/links/5705559e08ae13eb88b9644e/Low-carboninfrastructure-strategies-for-cities.pdf (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Lal. R., ‘Carbon Sequestration.’ Available at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rattan-Lal2/publication/6079761_Carbon_sequestration/links/55420e7b0cf224a89a3333ca/Carbon-sequest ration.pdf (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Mastrola. M., ‘How AI Can Help Combat Climate Change.’ Available at https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/03/07/ artificial-intelligence-combat-climate-change/ (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Muigua. K., ‘Achieving Sustainable Development, Peace and Environmental Security.’ Glenwood Publishers Limited, 2021.

Ospina. A., & Heeks. R., ‘ICTs and Climate Change Adaptation: Enabling Innovative Strategies.’ Available at https://www.unapcict.org/sites/default/files/2019-01/ICTs%20and%20Climate%20Change%20Adaptat ion.pdf (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Science, Technology and Innovation Act., No. 28 of 2013, Laws of Kenya.

Sky News., ‘Climate Change: Seven Technology Solutions that Could Help Solve Crisis.’ Available at https://news.sky.com/story/climate-change-seven-technologysolutions-that-could-help-solve-crisis-12056397 (Accessed on 26/10/2023) 20 Allison. S., & Miller. T., ‘Why Science Needs the Humanities to Solve Climate Change.’ Available at https://uci.edu/brilliant/humanexperience/humanities/science-needs-the-humanities-to-solve-climate-change.php (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Stantec., ‘9 Breakthrough Technologies for Tackling Climate Change.’ Available at https://www.stantec. com/en/services/sustainability/climate-change-designtechnology (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Telecom Review., ‘How ICTs Can Tackle the Climate Crisis.’ Available at https://www.telecomreview.com/ articles/reports-and-coverage/3733-how-ictscan-tackle-the-climatecrisis#:~:text=The%20biggest%20 impact%20ICT%20players,solutions%20that%20red uce%20energy%20use (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

The World Bank., ‘Climate-Smart Agriculture.’ Available at https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/climate-smart-agriculture (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

United Nations Climate Change., ‘Technology Development and Transfer.’ Available at https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/groupscommittees/adaptation-committee/joint-ac-and-leg-mandates/napsupport/technology-development-and-transfer (Accessed on 27/10/2023).

United Nations Climate Change., ‘What is Technology Development and Transfer?.’ Available at https://unfccc.int/topics/what-is-technology-development-andtransfer#:~:text=In%201992%2C%20when %20countries%20established,that%20reduc e%20emissions%20of%20GHGs. (Accessed on 27/10/2023).

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs., ‘Forum on Climate Change and Science and Technology Innovation.’ Available at https://www.un.org/en/desa/forum-climate-changeandscience-and-technology-innovation (Accessed on 25/10/2023).

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific., ‘LowCarbon Development Plan.’ Available at https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/45.%20FS-Low-CarbonDevelopmentPlan.pdf (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa., ‘Climate Research for Development in Africa: Using Climate Science to Drive Africa’s Development.’ Available at https://repository.uneca.org/bitstream/handle/10855/43288/b11974965.pdf?seque nce=1&isAllowed=y (Accessed on 27/10/2023).

United Nations Environment Programme., ‘Nairobi Declaration on the African Process for Combating Climate Change.’ Available at https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/25791/ Nairobi_ Decl_cli mate.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change., ‘Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.’ Available at https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/ kpeng.pdf (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change., ‘Paris Agreement.’ Available at https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change., United Nations, 1992., Article 4 (1) (c) Available at https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

United Nations General Assembly., ‘Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.’ 21 October 2015, A/RES/70/1.

United Nations., ‘Low Carbon Development.’ Available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index. php?menu=1448#:~:text=The%20con cept%20of%20low% 20carbon,low%2Dcarbon%20growth%20plans (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

United Nations., ‘What is Climate Change?’ Available at https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change (Accessed on 25/10/2023).

United Nations., ‘What is Climate Change?’ Op Cit 5 United Nations., ‘Goal 13: Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Change and its Impacts.’ Available at https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ climate-change/ (Accessed on 25/10/2023).

Verma. R., ‘Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in addressing Climate Change.’ Available at https://thesciencepolicyforum.org/articles/perspectives/roleof-science-technology-and-innovation-in-addressing-climate-change-a-perspective/ (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Verma. R., ‘Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in addressing Climate Change.’ Op Cit 79 United Nations., ‘Convention on Biological Diversity.’ Available at https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

Wellers. D et al., ‘Technology for Preserving Biodiversity.’ Available at https://www.sap.com/africa/insights/viewpoints/technology-for-biologypreservingbiodiversity.html#:~: text=Sensors%20to%20detect%20and%20protect%20species%20at%20risk&text=New%20technologies %2C%20from%20robots%20and,risk%20to%20 defending%20their%20homes. (Accessed on 26/10/2023).

World Vision., ‘How is the World Responding to Climate Change?’ Available at https://www.worldvision.com.au/docs/default-source/school-resources/how-isthe-worldrespondingto-climate-change.pdf?sfvrsn=32021b89_0 (Accessed on 25/10/2023).

Yuan. H, Zhou. P, & Zhou. D., ‘What is Low-Carbon Development? A Conceptual Analysis.’ Energy Procedia, 5 (2011) 1706–1712.

Admin

admin@thelawyer.africa | Website | + posts

Up Next

Way Forward on Role of Science and Technology in Tackling Climate Change

Don't Miss

Role of Science and Technology in Tackling Climate Change

Click to comment

News & Analysis

What is Carbon Markets?

Published

2 months ago

July 8, 2024

MMA Advocates LLP

Written by Faith Nyambura Kabora, Advocate.

Carbon markets are a mechanism designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions which are essentially gases that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to the negative impacts of climate change such as prolonged drought and rising of sea levels.

Carbon markets operate on the principle of putting a price on carbon emissions to create commercial/economic incentives for public and private entities to reduce their carbon footprint and invest in cleaner, sustainable practices.

Ideally, by putting a price on carbon, the carbon markets encourage sustainable environmental practices and help counties meet their emission reduction targets under international treaties, like the Paris Agreement, which Kenya is a signatory to. For a broader understanding, here is how a carbon market works;

A Government establishes a limit on the total amount of greenhouse gas emission/pollution is allowed within its geographical limits;
A grant, say permissions are created and distributed to eligible participants. This allowance represents the right to emit a certain amount of greenhouse gas;
The participants can then buy and sell the allowances. Ideally, those who reduce their emissions more efficiently sell their surplus allowance to those who find it more challenging to reduce the emissions. If a company pollutes a lot, they need to buy more permissions, and if they do not pollute as much, they can sell their extra permissions.
Entities are required to hold enough allowances to cover their actual emissions. If they exceed allocated allowances, they face penalties or, as expounded above, they buy additional allowances. This is the part where compliance becomes mandatory for all the key players.
The price of the allowances fluctuates based on supply and demands and reflects the cost of emitting greenhouse gases. It is essentially like paying for pollution.

A carbon market plays a pivotal role in advancing climate action and promoting sustainable practices by incentivizing companies to reconsider their pollution practices, which can result in financial consequences as pollution becomes a costly endeavor. In Kenya, the introduction of a Carbon Market is imperative as the world confronts the dire consequences of climate change. Furthermore, it offers a commercial opportunity for investors considering the growing demand for environmentally friendly and carbon neutral products and services.

As mentioned above, the Paris Agreement is one of the most important international treaties dedicated strengthen global response to the negative impact of climate change. Ultimately, the Agreement’s goal is to motivate countries to limit global emissions and more importantly, to hold them accountable for their actions around reducing their carbon footprints.

Kenya as a signatory to the Paris Agreement has made significant contributions towards fulfilling the obligations under the Paris Agreement of limiting global temperature. The Climate Change (Amendment) Act 2023, nudges Kenya towards the realization of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement by introducing provisions and regulation of and participation in carbon markets.

MMA Advocates LLP

+254 729-999-333 | info@mmaadvocates.co.ke | Website | + posts

As one of the top law firms in Nairobi, MMA Advocates is renowned for its proactive strategy and innovative legal lawyer advice. Our firm is committed to delivering strategic assistance that not only tackles current difficulties but also equips clients for future legal trends and advancements. As top lawyers in Nairobi Kenya, we take great satisfaction in our ability to combine in-depth legal knowledge with creative problem-solving. We keep a close eye on business trends and legal advancements to deliver timely guidance that enables our clients to make wise choices.

Our main goal as MMA Advocates is to establish long-lasting partnerships based on integrity, decency, and reliability. Since every client’s circumstance is unique, our best advocates in Kenya offer timely service and individualized attention at every stage of our collaboration. We make sure our clients are informed and empowered throughout their legal journey because we value openness and transparency in communication. In every case we take on, we are deeply committed to obtaining positive results and client satisfaction. This is just one aspect of our unwavering commitment to quality.

Whether you are a startup negotiating regulatory obstacles, an established corporation expanding, or a private citizen seeking legal assistance on personal problems, our Best Corporate Lawyers in Kenya are dedicated to becoming your legal partner. Our expertise include Commercial Litigation, Real Estate & Development, Fintech, Public Procurement (Public Private Partnerships), Project Finance, Public Law Litigation, Legal Audits & Compliance Advisory and Crisis Management.

We hope to arm you with the legal know-how and strategies needed to achieve your objectives. Our team enjoys taking on challenging legal matters with creativity and strategic understanding, protecting your rights and effectively achieving your goals. With a thorough comprehension of both regional laws and global norms, we are prepared to confidently and competently lead you through the complexities of corporate law.

In the intensely competitive legal arena, our tailored legal and strategic solutions distinguish us. We value depth over breadth, guaranteeing our clients our full dedication and unparalleled efficiency. Where many spread themselves wide, we narrow our focus to a select few of the most challenging cases. We tread the path less traveled.

To find out more about how MMA Advocates in Nairobi Kenya can help you with your legal issues, get in touch with us. With our team of committed professionals and our standing as one of the top law firms in Nairobi, we are well-positioned to offer outcomes that surpass expectations and guarantee your success in a legal environment that is always changing.

News & Analysis

Review: Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Journal, Volume 12(3), 2024

Published

5 months ago

April 28, 2024

Kariuki Muigua & Company

The Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Journal, Volume. 12, No.3, 2024 covers pertinent and emerging issues across all ADR mechanisms. This volume exposes our readers to a variety of salient topics and concerns in ADR including Building Peace in Africa, Public Policy as a Ground of Setting-Aside an Arbitral Award, Ethics, Integrity and Best Practice in Mediation, Accessing Justice in Kenya, Sports Arbitration, ESG Arbitration, Arbitration of Investor-State Dispute in Kenya, Article 159(2) of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 and issuance of interim measures by Arbitral Tribunals. The ADR Journal is a publication of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, Kenya Branch. It provides a platform for scholarly debate and in-depth investigations into both theoretical and practical questions in Alternative Dispute Resolution.

The journal is edited by Professor of Law at the University of Nairobi, Faculty of Law Hon Prof. Kariuki Muigua, a distinguished law scholar, an accomplished mediator and arbitrator with a Ph.D. in law from the University of Nairobi and widespread training and experience in both international and national commercial arbitration and mediation. Prof. Muigua is a Fellow of Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb)- Kenya chapter and also a Chartered Arbitrator. He is a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. He also serves as a member of the National Environment Tribunal. He has served as the Chartered Institute of Arbitrator’s (CIArb- UK) Regional Trustee for Africa from 2019 -2022.

In the paper “Building Peace in Africa through Alternative Dispute Resolution” Hon. Prof. Kariuki Muigua critically discusses the role of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms in peace building in Africa. The paper argues that ADR mechanisms can play a fundamental role in building peace in Africa. The paper further posits that ADR mechanisms are able to enhance sustainable peace in Africa due to their focus on reconciliation and restorative justice. It proposes solutions towards building peace in Africa through ADR.

In “the Emergence of the International Commercial Court: A Threat to Arbitration of Investor-State Dispute in Kenya” Marion Injendi Wasike and Dr. Kenneth W. Mutuma argue that the proliferation of international commercial courts, including their introduction in Kenya, necessitates a thorough analysis of their implications on arbitration’s role in investor-state disputes. By juxtaposing these emerging judicial entities against traditional arbitration paradigms, the discussion aims to unravel the complexities and potential shifts in dispute resolution preferences, highlighting the balance between innovation in legal adjudication and the sustenance of arbitration’s revered position in the international legal order.

Kamau Karori SC, MBS in “Striking a Balance: A Delicate Dance Between Sanctity and Scrutiny” notes that the continuing debate —between upholding the inviolability of arbitral awards and judicial intervention in cases of egregious injustice points to the need for delicate balancing between non-interference and the need to correct unmistakably unjust awards. The urgency of this discourse is informed by the need to prevent consumers or potential consumers of arbitration services opting to exclude arbitration clauses due to perceived deficiencies. The article seeks to navigate the genesis of the debate, delicately dissect the different perspectives, and draw comparisons with global practices.

The article “Reforming Kenya’s Law on Probation and Aftercare Services to Promote Alternative Dispute Resolution” by Michael Sang engages in a comprehensive exploration of Kenya’s Probation of Offenders Act within the context of the growing role of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) principles in the nation’s criminal justice system. Drawing inspiration from international legal instruments such as “The Beijing Rules,” “Bangkok Rules,” and “Tokyo Rules,” the study evaluates the Act’s provisions, strengths, and limitations. It concludes with a call for thoughtful reforms that align Kenya’s criminal justice system with international standards, emphasizing a balanced and compassionate approach to justice.

The “Upholding Ethics, Integrity and Best Practice in Mediation” by Hon. Prof. Kariuki Muigua, OGW critically discusses the need for standardization of mediation practice in Kenya by adopting best practices. It examines some of the challenges facing mediation practice in Kenya. It is also explores measures adopted towards fostering best practices in mediation at both the global and national level. The paper further suggests recommendations aimed at upholding ethics, integrity and best practice in mediation. In “Exploring the Role of Mediation in Promoting Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Fostering Economic Growth in Kenya” Atundo Wambare offers an in-depth analysis of the use of mediation in promoting the growth of small and medium enterprises (SME’s). He makes recommendations on how best mediation can be harnessed as a tool for economic growth in Kenya.

James Njuguna and Nyamboga George Nyanaro in “Compulsory Resolution or Autonomy Erosion? The Debate on Mandatory Sports Arbitration delve into the contentious issue of mandatory sports arbitration, questioning its role as a potential future pathway for dispute resolution. Their research examines the implications of compulsory arbitration on athletes’ autonomy, juxtaposing it with the benefits of expedited dispute resolution.

Paul Ngotho in “Constitution of Kenya 2010 Article 159.2.(c): Ancestry, Anatomy, Efficacy & Legacy” traces the rather odd origin and everlasting effect of the often-cited Article 159.2.(c) of the Constitution of Kenya 2010. It acknowledges the central role played by two members of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Kenya Branch, quietly and privately, away from the mainstream constitution making process. One of them chairman of the Branch, the other the Minister of Justice, National Cohesion and Constitutional Affairs.

David Onsare in “Navigating The ESG Maze: Emerging Trends in Arbitration and Corporate Accountability” embarks on a timely exploration of the dynamic interplay between Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors and arbitration, a field gaining critical importance in the realm of corporate accountability. By offering a comprehensive view of the complexities and practical implications of ESG in arbitration, the article serves as a crucial guide for legal professionals navigating the evolving landscape of corporate responsibility and arbitration. In “Public Policy as a Ground of Setting-Aside an Arbitral Award: Musings on the Centurion Engineers Civil Appeal Judgment”

Ibrahim Kitoo argues a case for upholding of public policy as a ground for the nonrecognition, non-enforcement and setting aside of an arbitral award in cases where to recognise and enforce such awards proves to be a clear violation of the law and against the public good. Juvenalis Ngowi in “Arbitral Tribunals: Do they have the power to issue interim measures during the proceedings?” discusses the powers of the Arbitral Tribunal to grant such orders and examines some procedural rules which empower arbitrators to issue such orders, the scope of those powers, and the factors to be considered when granting interim measures in the arbitral proceedings.

In “Examining the Efficacy of Mediation as A Tool for Accessing Justice in Kenya: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Perspectives” Murithi Antony undertakes a thorough examination of mediation as a form of ADR in the Kenyan context. He identifies opportunities arising from the integration of mediation into the country’s legal system and explores barriers impeding its widespread adoption. The article concludes with a resounding call to action for all stakeholders to champion the use of mediation collaboratively and proactively, given its proven efficacy in dispute resolution.

Kariuki Muigua & Company

+254 020-2210281 | admin@kmco.co.ke | Website | + posts

Kariuki Muigua & Company Advocates is a Top-Tier Kenyan law firm situated at the heart of Nairobi city in Kenya. We are a broad-based practice with a reputation for offering a full range of quality services to our domestic and international clients.

At KM&CO, we take pride in offering personalized attention to our diverse clientele. Our practice aspires to offer efficient and cost-effective legal solutions that meet our esteemed clients’ needs in a timely and competent manner.

KM&CO was founded in 1993 by the current senior Advocate, Dr. Kariuki Muigua. It is based in the Central Business District of Nairobi at the Pioneer Assurance House located opposite 7th August Bomb Blast Memorial Park enjoying the convenience of close proximity to major financial, commercial and governmental institutions.

We are open for consultations with our clients worldwide; we have lawyers on standby for 24 hours to cover diverse time zones that impact on our global clients.

News & Analysis

Way Forward in Applying Collaborative Approaches Towards Conflict Management

Published

6 months ago

March 24, 2024

Kariuki Muigua & Company

By Hon. Prof. Kariuki Muigua, OGW, PhD, C.Arb, FCIArb is a Professor of Environmental Law and Dispute Resolution at the University of Nairobi, Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration, Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Respected Sustainable Development Policy Advisor, Top Natural Resources Lawyer, Highly-Regarded Dispute Resolution Expert and Awardee of the Order of Grand Warrior (OGW) of Kenya by H.E. the President of Republic of Kenya. He is the Academic Champion of ADR 2024, the African ADR Practitioner of the Year 2022, the African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, ADR Practitioner of the Year in Kenya 2021, CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 and ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and Author of the Kenya’s First ESG Book: Embracing Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) tenets for Sustainable Development” (Glenwood, Nairobi, July 2023) and Kenya’s First Two Climate Change Law Book: Combating Climate Change for Sustainability (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023), Achieving Climate Justice for Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023), Promoting Rule of Law for Sustainable Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, January 2024) and Actualizing the Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment (Glenwood, Nairobi, March 2024)*

It is necessary to embrace and utilize collaborative approaches in managing conflicts. These techniques include mediation, negotiation, and facilitation. These mechanisms are effective in managing conflicts since they encourage parties to embrace and address disagreements through empathy and listening towards mutually beneficial solutions. Collaborative approaches also have the potential to preserve relationships, build trust, and promote long term positive change. They also ensure a win-win solution is found so that everyone is satisfied which creates the condition for peace and sustainability. These approaches are therefore ideal in managing conflicts. It is therefore important to embrace collaborative approaches in order to ensure effective management of conflicts.

In addition, it is necessary for third parties including mediators and facilitators to develop their skills and techniques in order to enhance the effectiveness of collaborative approaches towards conflict management. For example, it has correctly been observed that mediators and facilitators should listen actively and empathetically in order to assist parties to collaborate towards managing their dispute. Therefore, when a dispute arises, the first step should involve listening to all parties involved with an open mind and without judgment. This should entail active listening, which means paying attention to both verbal and nonverbal cues and acknowledging the emotions and perceptions involved.

It has been observed that by listening empathetically, a third party such as a mediator of facilitator can understand each person’s perspective and start to build a foundation for resolving the conflict through collaboration. In addition, while collaborating towards conflict management, it is necessary to encourage and help parties to focus on interests and not positions. It has been pointed out that focusing positions can result in a standstill which can delay or even defeat the conflict management process. However, by identifying and addressing the underlying interests parties can find common ground and collaborate towards coming up with creative solutions towards their conflict.

Mediators and facilitators should also assist parties to look for areas of agreement or shared goals. Identifying a common ground can build momentum and create a positive environment for resolving the conflict. Further, in order to ensure the effectiveness of collaborative approaches in conflict management, it is necessary to build strong collaboration. It has been asserted that strong collaboration can be achieved by establishing a shared purpose, cultivating trust among parties, encouraging active participation by all parties, and promoting effective communication.

Strong collaboration enables parties to develop trust between and among themselves and strengthen communication channels between the various parties. It also helps to generate inclusive solutions that arise from wider stakeholders’ views. Therefore while applying collaborative approaches, it is necessary for parties to foster strong collaboration by identifying common goals, building trust, ensuring that all stakeholders are involved, and communicating effectively in order to come up with win-win outcomes.

Finally, while embracing collaborative approaches in conflict management, it is necessary for parties to consider seeking help from third parties if need arises. For example, negotiation is always the first point of call whenever a conflict arises whereby parties attempt to manage their conflict without the involvement of third parties. It has been described as the most effective collaborative approach towards conflict management since it starts with an understanding by both parties that they must search for solutions that satisfy everyone.

It enables parties to a dispute to come together to openly discuss the issue causing tension, actively listen to each other, and come up with mutually satisfactory solutions. However, it has been correctly observed that negotiation may fail especially if the conflict is particularly complex or involves multiple parties due to challenges in collaborating. In such circumstances, where negotiation fails, parties should consider resorting to other collaborative approaches such as mediation and facilitation where they attempt to manage the conflict with the help of a third party. A mediator or facilitator can assist parties to collaborate and continue with the negotiations and ultimately break the deadlock.

*This is an extract from Kenya’s First Clean and Healthy Environment Book: Actualizing the Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment (Glenwood, Nairobi, January 2024) by Hon. Prof. Kariuki Muigua, OGW, PhD, Professor of Environmental Law and Dispute Resolution, Senior Advocate of Kenya, Chartered Arbitrator, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya), African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Africa ADR Practitioner of the Year 2022, Member of National Environment Tribunal (NET) Emeritus (2017 to 2023) and Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration nominated by Republic of Kenya and Academic Champion of ADR 2024. Prof. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Prof. Kariuki Muigua teaches Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law, The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP) and Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies. He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Prof. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates and Africa Trustee Emeritus of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators 2019-2022. Prof. Muigua is a 2023 recipient of President of the Republic of Kenya Order of Grand Warrior (OGW) Award for his service to the Nation as a Distinguished Expert, Academic and Scholar in Dispute Resolution and recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Band 1 in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2024 and was listed in the Inaugural THE LAWYER AFRICA Litigation Hall of Fame 2023 as one of the Top 50 Most Distinguished Litigation Lawyers in Kenya and the Top Arbitrator in Kenya in 2023.

References

Bercovitch. J., ‘Conflict and Conflict Management in Organizations: A Framework for Analysis.’ Available at https://ocd.lcwu.edu.pk/cfiles/International%20Relations/EC/IR403/Conflict.ConflictManagementinOrga nizations.pdf (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Bercovitch. J., ‘Mediation Success or Failure: A Search for the Elusive Criteria.’ Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 7, p 289.

Bloomfield. D., ‘Towards Complementarity in Conflict Management: Resolution and Settlement in Northern Ireland,’ Journal of Peace Research., Volume 32, Issue 2.

Burrell. B., ‘The Five Conflict Styles’ Available at https://web.mit.edu/collaboration/mainsite/ modules/module1/1.11.5.html (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Demmers. J., ‘Theories of Violent Conflict: An Introduction’ (Routledge, New York, 2012).

Diana. M., ‘From Conflict to Collaboration’ Available at https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/conflict-collaboration-beyond-projectsuccess-1899 (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Food and Agriculture Organization., ‘Collaborative Conflict Management for Enhanced National Forest Programmes (NFPs)’ Available at https://www.fao.org/3/i2604e/i2604e00.pdf (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

International Organization for Peace Building., ‘Natural Resources and Conflict: A Path to Mediation.’ Available at https://www.interpeace.org/2015/11/naturalresources-and-conflict-a-path-to-mediation/ (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Isenhart. M.W., & Spangle. M., ‘Summary of “Collaborative Approaches to Resolving Conflict” ‘ Available at https://www.beyondintractability.org/bksum/isenhart-collaborative (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Kaushal. R., & Kwantes. C., ‘The Role of Culture and Personality in Choice of Conflict Management Strategy.’ International Journal of Intercultural Relations 30 (2006) 579– 603.

Leeds. C.A., ‘Managing Conflicts across Cultures: Challenges to Practitioners.’ International Journal of Peace Studies, Volume 2, No. 2, 1997.

May. E., ‘Collaborating Conflict Style Explained In 4 Minutes’ Available at https://www.niagara institute.com/blog/collaborating-conflict-style/ (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Miroslavov. M., ‘Mastering the Collaborating Conflict Style In 2024’ Available at https://www.officernd.com/blog/collaborating-conflictstyle/#:~:text=It’s%20one%20of%20the%20strat egies,their%20underlying%20needs %20and%20interests. (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Muigua. K & Kariuki. F., ‘ADR, Access to Justice and Development in Kenya.’ Available at http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/ADR-access-tojustice-and-development-inKenyaRevised-version-of-20.10.14.pdf (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Muigua. K., ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution and Access to Justice in Kenya.’ Glenwood Publishers Limited, 2015.

Muigua. K., ‘Reframing Conflict Management in the East African Community: Moving from Alternative to ‘Appropriate’ Dispute Resolution.’ Available at https://kmco.co.ke/wpcontent/uploads/2023/06/ Reframing-ConflictManagement-in-the-East-African-CommunityMoving-from-Alternative-toAppropriate-Dispute-Resolution (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Muigua. K., ‘Resolving Conflicts through Mediation in Kenya.’ Glenwood Publishers Limited, 2nd Edition., 2017.

Quain. S., ‘The Advantages & Disadvantages of Collaborating Conflict Management’ Available at https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantagesdisadvantages-collaborating-conflict-management-36052.html (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Samuel. A., ‘Is the Collaborative Style of Conflict Management the Best Approach?’ Available at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/collaborative-style-conflictmanagement-best-approach-samuel-ansah (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

United Nations., ‘Land and Conflict’ Available at https://www.un.org/en/landnatural-resources-conflict/pdfs/GN_ExeS_Land%20and%20Conflict.pdf (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Weiss. J., & Hughes. J., ‘Want Collaboration?: Accept—and Actively Manage— Conflict’ Available at https://hbr.org/2005/03/want-collaboration-accept-andactively-manage-conflict (Accessed on 01/03/2024).

Kariuki Muigua & Company

+254 020-2210281 | admin@kmco.co.ke | Website | + posts

We are open for consultations with our clients worldwide; we have lawyers on standby for 24 hours to cover diverse time zones that impact on our global clients.