News & Analysis

Progress and Challenges in Environmental Multilateralism

Published

1 year ago

February 28, 2024

Admin

By Hon. Prof. Kariuki Muigua, OGW, PhD, C.Arb, FCIArb is a Professor of Environmental Law and Dispute Resolution at the University of Nairobi, Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration, Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Respected Sustainable Development Policy Advisor, Top Natural Resources Lawyer, Highly-Regarded Dispute Resolution Expert and Awardee of the Order of Grand Warrior (OGW) of Kenya by H.E. the President of Republic of Kenya. He is The African ADR Practitioner of the Year 2022, The African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, ADR Practitioner of the Year in Kenya 2021, CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 and ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and Author of the Kenya’s First ESG Book: Embracing Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) tenets for Sustainable Development” (Glenwood, Nairobi, July 2023) and Kenya’s First Two Climate Change Law Book: Combating Climate Change for Sustainability (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023), Achieving Climate Justice for Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023) and Promoting Rule of Law for Sustainable Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, January 2024)*

The main instruments available under international law for countries to collaborate on a broad range of global environmental challenges are international conventions and treaties on environment and natural resources also known as Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). These have been defined as agreements between states which may take the form of “soft-law”, setting out non legally-binding principles which parties are obligated to consider when taking actions to address a particular environmental issue, or “hard-law” which specify legally-binding actions to be undertaken toward an environmental objective.

MEAs have also been defined as international agreements that are intended to promote international cooperation to address global environmental challenges that the world is facing today such as climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution and waste. MEAs are based on the understanding that, just as the causes and the consequences of environmental issues are global in nature, so too must be the solutions. They intend to foster global cooperation in addressing environmental challenges. It has been pointed out that MEAs are negotiated and agreed upon by member states of the United Nations at the international level, and each country is responsible for implementing such agreements at the national level.

In addition, it has been asserted that MEAs have similar features to other international treaties. However, they are also different in that they are intergovernmental documents whose main objective is to prevent or manage human impact on the environment and natural resources. As a result, MEAs are legally binding to countries that participate in them through ratification or accession, as well as to those who accept them through signing since that in itself assumes an “official agreement” between the States via the MEAs. It has been contended that since MEAs are not merely declarations of intent but tools of international law, they are viewed as ideal and effective means of implementing policies whose objective is environmental protection and Sustainable Development.

MEAs have been identified as vital in addressing the most pressing environmental issues of global or regional concern and are critical instruments of international environmental governance and international environmental law. They cover a wide scope of issues, ranging from the protection of the atmosphere to the sustainable management of chemicals and waste, to halting nature and biodiversity loss. Amongst the global environmental issues that MEAs are designed to respond to include: loss of biological diversity, adverse impacts of climate change, depletion of the ozone layer, hazardous waste, organic pollutants, marine pollution, trade in endangered species, destruction of wetlands among others.

Among the key MEAS is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which is an MEA geared towards combating climate change by achieving stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. It entails key principles and commitments by states towards confronting climate change. It has been observed that one of the achievements of the UNFCCC has been to establish a reporting framework which provides information on greenhouse gases emissions and removals using common categorisation and definitions.

Another key MEA is the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The Protocol sets out a global determination by states to protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control equitably total global emissions of substances that deplete it, with the ultimate objective of their elimination on the basis of developments in scientific knowledge, taking into account technical and economic considerations. The Montreal Protocol has been identified as a landmark MEA that regulates the production and consumption of nearly 100 human-made chemicals referred to as ozone depleting substances46. It has been hailed as one of the rare treaties to achieve universal ratification. With its universal ratification, the protocol has been extremely successful in its original aim of cutting the production and use of chlorofluorocarbons and other ozonedepleting substances. It has been observed that the protocol has succeeded in eliminating nearly 99 percent of ozone-depleting substances.

The Convention on Biological Diversity is another important MEA. The Convention seeks to foster the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding. It identifies key ways of conserving biodiversity including in-situ and ex-situ conservation. The Convention has had some notable successes including increase in protected areas coverage.

The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) is another important MEA that has played a vital role in conserving wetlands. The Convention acknowledges the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands as regulators of water regimes and as habitats supporting a characteristic flora and fauna, especially waterfowl. It requires contracting parties to formulate and implement plans towards promoting the conservation and wise use of the wetlands in in their territory. It has been pointed out that the Ramsar Convention has fostered international cooperation in wetland conservation through actions such as establishing wetland restoration projects.

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is another pertinent MEA which seeks to foster international co-operation in the protection of certain species of wild fauna and flora against over-exploitation through international trade. It has been pointed out that as a result of effective implementation of CITES by those who harvest, produce, trade, transport, buy and regulate the wildlife species covered by the Convention, new emergency listings of species have become increasingly rare. Moreover, no CITES-listed species has ever become extinct as a result of trade.

CITES has made significant progress in preventing more species from becoming threatened by trade and enabled the recovery of species that were endangered. It currently regulates international trade in over 40,000 species of plants and animals. It has been argued that CITES can help to reverse the precarious situation of high-value species of wild fauna and flora and ensure a sustainable supply. Most recently, at COP 21, parties to the UNFCCC adopted the Paris Agreement a legally binding international treaty on climate change. Its overarching goal is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of Sustainable Development and efforts to eradicate poverty through holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels; increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate resilient development.

It has been pointed out that the Paris Agreement has strengthened the global response towards climate change by establishing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) which embody efforts by each country to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. The Paris Agreement requires each Party to prepare, communicate and maintain successive NDCs that it intends to achieve. It also requires parties to pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions.

From the foregoing it is evident that MEAs have played a fundamental role in addressing global environmental challenges. It has been pointed out that MEAs are central to achieving global environmental commitments towards sustainability. According to UNEP, MEAs have emerged as one of the best ways of institutionalizing intergovernmental cooperation and triggering national action in the environmental sector. In addition to MEAs, environmental multilateralism has been enhanced through institutions, and processes that address environmental concerns at the international level. These include the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA), composed of all the United Nations (UN) Member States and tasked with providing overarching policy direction for the global environmental agenda.

UNEA is the world’s highest-level decision-making body for matters related to the environment, with a universal membership of all 193 Member States. It sets the global environmental agenda, provides overarching policy guidance, and defines policy responses to address emerging environmental challenges. It also undertakes policy review, dialogue and the exchange of experiences, sets the strategic guidance on the future direction of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), and fosters partnerships for achieving environmental goals and resource mobilization.

In addition, UNEP is a body within the United Nations Systems responsible for coordinating international environmental activities and supporting the implementation of treaty commitments. UNEP is tasked with strengthening environmental standards and practices while helping implement environmental obligations at the country, regional and global levels. UNEP’s work is focused on helping countries transition to low-carbon and resource-efficient economies, strengthening environmental governance and law, safeguarding ecosystems, and providing evidence-based data to inform policy decisions. UNEP plays a key role in environmental multilateralism by supporting countries’ efforts in the implementation of MEAs.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is a body of the United Nations established to assess the science related to climate change. It prepares comprehensive Assessment Reports about the state of scientific, technical and socioeconomic knowledge on climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for reducing the rate at which climate change is taking place. The IPCC has had significant accomplishments including its First and Second Assessment Reports, which led to the development of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol which are key MEAs on climate change. In addition, its Fifth Assessment Report, finalized in October 2014, informed the negotiations and policy formulation towards the Paris Agreement in 2015.

Further, there has been growth of regional environmental agreements to address specific environmental challenges. For example, the East African Community (EAC) has adopted EAC Climate Change Policy which is aimed at contributing to Sustainable Development in the EAC region through harmonized and coordinated regional strategies, programmes and actions to respond to climate change. The Policy identifies several ways of confronting climate change in the region which include establishing a regional framework to guide the harmonization, coordination and implementation of climate change initiatives amongst partner states; identifying priority adaptation and mitigation action areas and roles of partner states and other stakeholders to address climate change in the region; promoting public awareness and socio-economic importance of climate change including; vulnerability, impacts, risks, and response measures in the region and promoting capacity building efforts through inter alia education, training, research, technology development and transfer, information and knowledge management. The policy is therefore a key regional instrument geared towards responding to climate change within the EAC region.

From the foregoing, it is evident that environmental multilateralism has been vital in addressing the most pressing environmental issues of global or regional concern including the triple planetary crisis of climate change, nature and biodiversity loss, and pollution and waste. However, it has been pointed out that environmental multilateralism faces several concerns including implementation of and compliance with the MEAs. In addition, it has been asserted that the inactions of a state or those of others may affect the cooperation chain in environmental multilateralism. It is necessary to (re) invigorate environmental multilateralism in order to enhance sustainability.

*This is an extract from the Article: (Re) Invigorating Environmental Multilateralism for Sustainability, Available at: https://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Re-Invigorating-Environmental-Multilateralism-for-Sustainability.pdf (28th February 2024) by Hon. Prof. Kariuki Muigua, OGW, PhD, Professor of Environmental Law and Dispute Resolution, Senior Advocate of Kenya, Chartered Arbitrator, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya), African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Africa ADR Practitioner of the Year 2022, Member of National Environment Tribunal (NET) Emeritus (2017 to 2023) and Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration nominated by Republic of Kenya. Prof. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Prof. Kariuki Muigua teaches Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law, The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP) and Wangari Maathai Institute for Peace and Environmental Studies. He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Prof. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates and Africa Trustee Emeritus of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators 2019-2022. Prof. Muigua is a 2023 recipient of President of the Republic of Kenya Order of Grand Warrior (OGW) Award for his service to the Nation as a Distinguished Expert, Academic and Scholar in Dispute Resolution and recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Band 1 in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2024 and was listed in the Inaugural THE LAWYER AFRICA Litigation Hall of Fame 2023 as one of the Top 50 Most Distinguished Litigation Lawyers in Kenya and the Top Arbitrator in Kenya in 2023.

References

Blincoe. K., ‘Achieving Sustainability: The Ultimate Human Challenge’ Available at https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-10023-9 (Accessed on 20/02/2024).

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora., Available at https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/disc/CITES-Convention-EN.pdf (Accessed on 21/02/2024).

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat., Available at https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/current_convention_text_e.pdf (Accessed on 21/02/2024).

East African Community., ‘Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ Available at https://www.eac.int/environment/multilateral-environmental-agreements (Accessed on 21/02/2024).

Fitzmaurice. M., ‘The Principle of Sustainable Development in International Development Law.’ International Sustainable Development Law., Vol 1.

Giovannoni. E., & Fabietti. G., ‘What Is Sustainability? A Review of the Concept and Its Applications.’ In: Busco, C., Frigo, M., Riccaboni, A., Quattrone, P. (eds) Integrated Reporting. Springer, Cham. Available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02168-3_2 (Accessed on 20/02/2024).

Gomes. F. T., ‘International Relations and the Environment: Practical Examples of Environmental Multilateralism’ Available at https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=aebc 354992380e45e32cce62d433adcf ba96d038 (Accessed on 20/02/2024).

Ivanov. I., ‘What Are the Core Benefits of Multilateralism at the Present Stage?’ Available at https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/what-are-the-core-benefits-ofmultilateralism-at-the-presentstage/#:~:text=Multilateralism%20is%20a%20mechanism%20for, organizations %20easily%20and%20read ily%20available (Accessed on 20/02/2024).

Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen. S., & Dahl. A., ‘Building Effective Multilateralism for the Environment’ Available at https://iefworld.org/fl/Policybrief_KarlssonVinkhuyzen_Dahl.pdf (Accessed on 20/02/2024).

Morgera. E., ‘The EU and Environmental Multilateralism: The Case of Access and Benefit-Sharing and the Need for a Good-Faith Test’ Available at https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ElisaMorgera/publication/267926423_The_EU_and_Environmental_Multilateralism_The_Case_of_Access_an d_Benefit-Sharing_and_the_Need_for_a_Good-Faith_Test/links/545d0f690cf27487b44d492d/The-EUand-Environmental-Multilateralism-The-Case-of-Access-and-Benefit-Sharing-and-the-Need-for-a-GoodFaith-Test.pdf (Accessed on 20/02/2024).

National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory., ‘United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)’ Available at https://naei.beis.gov.uk/about/why-weestimate?view=unfccc#:~:text=One%20of %20the %20achievements%20of,are%20party%20to%20the%20C onvention. (Accessed on 21/02/2024).

One Planet Network., ‘Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ Available at https://www.oneplanetnetwork.org/SDG-12/multilateral-environmentalagreements#:~:text=Multilateral %20Environmental%20Agreements%20(MEAs)%20are,loss%20and%20p ollution%20and%20waste (Accessed on 21/02/2024).

Ramsar Convention Secretariat., ‘An Introduction to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 7th ed. (previously The Ramsar Convention Manual)’ Available at https://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/library/handbook1_5ed_introductiontoconve ntion_final_e.pdf (Accessed on 21/02/2024).

United Nations Environment Programme., ‘About Montreal Protocol’ Available at https://www.unep.org/ozonaction/who-we-are/about-montreal-protocol (Accessed on 21/02/2024).

United Nations Environment Programme., ‘How Multilateral Environmental Agreements Can Help Mend the Planet’ Available at https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-multilateralenvironmental-agreements-can-help-mend-planet (Accessed on 20/02/2024).

United Nations Environment Programme., ‘Multilateral Action for a Green Post-COVID-19 Recovery’ Available at https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/multilateral-action-green-post-covid-19- recovery (Accessed on 20/02/2024).

United Nations Environment Programme., ‘The Triple Planetary Crisis: Forging a New Relationship Between People and the Earth’ Available at https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/speech/ tripleplanetary-crisis-forging-new-relationship-between-people-and-earth (Accessed on 20/02/2024).

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change., United Nations, 1992., Available at https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf (Accessed on 21/02/2024).

United Nations General Assembly., ‘Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.’ 21 October 2015, A/RES/70/1., Available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainabl e%20Development%20web.pdf (Accessed on 20/02/2024).

United Nations., ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’ [1993] ATS 32 / 1760 UNTS 79 / 31 ILM 818 (1992) 51 Ibid, article 1 52 Ibid, articles 8 & 9 53 Convention on Biological Diversity., ‘2010 Biodiversity Target’ Available at https://www.cbd.int/2010- target/implementation/achievements.shtml#:~:text=Progress% 20in%20achieving%20the%202010%20Bio diversity%20Target&text=Protected%20area%20coverage%2 0has%20doubled,has%20improved%20since %20the%201980s. (Accessed on 21/02/2024),

United Nations., ‘Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer’ United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 1522, 1-26369.

United Nations., ‘Wildlife Treaty Comes of Age — CITES Celebrates 30 Years Of Achievement’ Available at https://press.un.org/en/2005/envdev865.doc.htm#:~:text=Thanks%20to%20the%20effective%20implem entation,as%20a%20result%20of%20trade. (Accessed on 21/02/2024).

United States Environmental Protection Agency., ‘What is Sustainability.’ Available at https://www.epa.gov/sustainability/learn-about-sustainability (Accessed on 20/02/2024).

World Commission on Environment and Development., ‘Our Common Future.’ Oxford, (Oxford University Press, 1987).

Admin

admin@thelawyer.africa | Website | + posts

Up Next

Way Forward in (Re)Invigorating Environmental Multilateralism for Sustainability

Don't Miss

The Meaning of Environmental Multilateralism

Click to comment

News & Analysis

Brief Overview of Kenyan Bankruptcy Law

Published

3 weeks ago

February 20, 2025

Kiragu Wathuta & Company Advocates

Bankruptcy refers to the state where a debtor is unable to pay their debts when the debts become due. For a person to be bankrupt there must be an order by the court stating that they are unable to pay their debts.

Who can apply for a bankruptcy order?

Either the debtor or the debtor’s creditor(s) may apply to court for the issuance of bankruptcy Order.

What conditions must be met for the court to issue bankruptcy order?

Where the application for bankruptcy order is made by a debtor, they must satisfy the court that:

They are either domiciled in Kenya, personally present in Kenya or three years preceding the date of the application they have been ordinarily resident or carried business in Kenya.
Their debt meets the minimum prescribed threshold
They have not previously been adjudged bankrupt
They are not in the process of being adjudged bankrupt

When the application for bankruptcy order is made by creditor(s), they must satisfy the court that:

The debtor is either domiciled in Kenya, personally present in Kenya or three years preceding the date of the application they have been ordinarily resident or carried business in Kenya.
The debtor owes them a sum of money equal to or above the prescribed threshold
The debt is for a liquidated amount payable to the applicant creditor(s) either immediately or at some certain future time, and is unsecured
The debt is one that the debtor appears to be unable to pay or to have no reasonable prospect of being able to pay
There is no outstanding application to set aside a statutory demand in respect of the debt
They have given a notice of not less than twenty one days seeking payment of debt due immediately and the duration has lapsed without being paid
They obtained Judgment, served it on the debtor and after 21 days the decretal sum has not been paid
They have served on the debtor a demand requiring the debtor to establish to their satisfaction that there is a reasonable prospect that the debtor will be able to pay a debt payable in future, when it falls due and 21 days have lapsed without the demand being complied with or set aside.

Upon being satisfied that the above conditions have been met, the court issues a bankruptcy Order.

Can court issue a bankruptcy order on an application by secured creditors?

Court can make bankruptcy order on application by secured creditor(s) only when:

The application contains a statement by the person having the right to enforce the security that the creditor is willing, in the event of a bankruptcy order being made, to give up the security for the benefit of all the bankrupt’s creditors; OR,
The application is expressed not to be made in respect of the secured part of the debt and contains a statement by that person of the estimated value at the date of the application of the security for the secured part of the debt.

Under what circumstances can court dismiss an application for bankruptcy order?

The Court may dismiss an application if it is satisfied that either the debtor is able to pay all of the debtor’s debts; OR—

That the debtor has made an offer to secure or compound for a debt in respect of which the application is made
That the acceptance of that offer would have required the dismissal of the application; and
That the offer has been unreasonably refused.

What are the consequences of a Bankruptcy Order?

Where a trustee in bankruptcy has been appointed, the property of the bankrupt vests in the trustee. If no trustee has been appointed, the property of the bankrupt will vest in the Official Receiver to act as the interim trustee.
The bankrupt suffers all the disabilities of law for instance: they cannot run for elected positions, they can’t directors of a company, they can’t file suits in their own name, and they can’t enter into contracts.
No civil proceedings can be instituted or continued against the bankrupt once the order is made
The bankrupt has an obligation to provide a true and accurate account of all his assets, income and liabilities
The official receiver is entitled to recover assets that the bankrupt has transferred within two years immediately preceding the bankruptcy.
Does not extinguish debts of a bankrupt but only protects them from creditors commencing recovery proceedings without leave of court.

Kiragu Wathuta & Company Advocates

info@kiragu.co.ke | info@kiragu.co.ke | + posts

Kiragu Wathuta & Company Advocates was established in 2013 by Mr. Kiragu Wathuta, an Advocate of the High Court of Kenya called to the bar in the year 2009. Our firm is run by an organized team of proffessionals who are highly skilled and widely exposed to diverse areas of law and the industry in general.

We have built a name for PROFESSIONALISM AND EXPERTISE in various disciplines of legal services including but not limited to civil and commercial litigation, conveyance and property matters as well as commercial and corporate law practice.

We provide value-added service in consonance with each individual client’s needs. For our clients, their interests are paramount and the client is our number one priority.

Our Portfolio of Clients is drawn from Property Owners, Developers, Investors and Joint Ventures, Corporate Entities, Financial institutions, Parastatals, Manufacturing Companies, Mortgage Institutions as well as individuals. We continue to endear our services to reach beyond our borders.

News & Analysis

What is Carbon Markets?

Published

8 months ago

July 8, 2024

MMA Advocates LLP

Written by Faith Nyambura Kabora, Advocate.

Carbon markets are a mechanism designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions which are essentially gases that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to the negative impacts of climate change such as prolonged drought and rising of sea levels.

Carbon markets operate on the principle of putting a price on carbon emissions to create commercial/economic incentives for public and private entities to reduce their carbon footprint and invest in cleaner, sustainable practices.

Ideally, by putting a price on carbon, the carbon markets encourage sustainable environmental practices and help counties meet their emission reduction targets under international treaties, like the Paris Agreement, which Kenya is a signatory to. For a broader understanding, here is how a carbon market works;

A Government establishes a limit on the total amount of greenhouse gas emission/pollution is allowed within its geographical limits;
A grant, say permissions are created and distributed to eligible participants. This allowance represents the right to emit a certain amount of greenhouse gas;
The participants can then buy and sell the allowances. Ideally, those who reduce their emissions more efficiently sell their surplus allowance to those who find it more challenging to reduce the emissions. If a company pollutes a lot, they need to buy more permissions, and if they do not pollute as much, they can sell their extra permissions.
Entities are required to hold enough allowances to cover their actual emissions. If they exceed allocated allowances, they face penalties or, as expounded above, they buy additional allowances. This is the part where compliance becomes mandatory for all the key players.
The price of the allowances fluctuates based on supply and demands and reflects the cost of emitting greenhouse gases. It is essentially like paying for pollution.

A carbon market plays a pivotal role in advancing climate action and promoting sustainable practices by incentivizing companies to reconsider their pollution practices, which can result in financial consequences as pollution becomes a costly endeavor. In Kenya, the introduction of a Carbon Market is imperative as the world confronts the dire consequences of climate change. Furthermore, it offers a commercial opportunity for investors considering the growing demand for environmentally friendly and carbon neutral products and services.

As mentioned above, the Paris Agreement is one of the most important international treaties dedicated strengthen global response to the negative impact of climate change. Ultimately, the Agreement’s goal is to motivate countries to limit global emissions and more importantly, to hold them accountable for their actions around reducing their carbon footprints.

Kenya as a signatory to the Paris Agreement has made significant contributions towards fulfilling the obligations under the Paris Agreement of limiting global temperature. The Climate Change (Amendment) Act 2023, nudges Kenya towards the realization of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement by introducing provisions and regulation of and participation in carbon markets.

MMA Advocates LLP

+254 729-999-333 | info@mmaadvocates.co.ke | Website | + posts

As one of the top law firms in Nairobi, MMA Advocates is renowned for its proactive strategy and innovative legal lawyer advice. Our firm is committed to delivering strategic assistance that not only tackles current difficulties but also equips clients for future legal trends and advancements. As top lawyers in Nairobi Kenya, we take great satisfaction in our ability to combine in-depth legal knowledge with creative problem-solving. We keep a close eye on business trends and legal advancements to deliver timely guidance that enables our clients to make wise choices.

Our main goal as MMA Advocates is to establish long-lasting partnerships based on integrity, decency, and reliability. Since every client’s circumstance is unique, our best advocates in Kenya offer timely service and individualized attention at every stage of our collaboration. We make sure our clients are informed and empowered throughout their legal journey because we value openness and transparency in communication. In every case we take on, we are deeply committed to obtaining positive results and client satisfaction. This is just one aspect of our unwavering commitment to quality.

Whether you are a startup negotiating regulatory obstacles, an established corporation expanding, or a private citizen seeking legal assistance on personal problems, our Best Corporate Lawyers in Kenya are dedicated to becoming your legal partner. Our expertise include Commercial Litigation, Real Estate & Development, Fintech, Public Procurement (Public Private Partnerships), Project Finance, Public Law Litigation, Legal Audits & Compliance Advisory and Crisis Management.

We hope to arm you with the legal know-how and strategies needed to achieve your objectives. Our team enjoys taking on challenging legal matters with creativity and strategic understanding, protecting your rights and effectively achieving your goals. With a thorough comprehension of both regional laws and global norms, we are prepared to confidently and competently lead you through the complexities of corporate law.

In the intensely competitive legal arena, our tailored legal and strategic solutions distinguish us. We value depth over breadth, guaranteeing our clients our full dedication and unparalleled efficiency. Where many spread themselves wide, we narrow our focus to a select few of the most challenging cases. We tread the path less traveled.

To find out more about how MMA Advocates in Nairobi Kenya can help you with your legal issues, get in touch with us. With our team of committed professionals and our standing as one of the top law firms in Nairobi, we are well-positioned to offer outcomes that surpass expectations and guarantee your success in a legal environment that is always changing.

News & Analysis

Review: Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Journal, Volume 12(3), 2024

Published

11 months ago

April 28, 2024

Kariuki Muigua & Company

The Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Journal, Volume. 12, No.3, 2024 covers pertinent and emerging issues across all ADR mechanisms. This volume exposes our readers to a variety of salient topics and concerns in ADR including Building Peace in Africa, Public Policy as a Ground of Setting-Aside an Arbitral Award, Ethics, Integrity and Best Practice in Mediation, Accessing Justice in Kenya, Sports Arbitration, ESG Arbitration, Arbitration of Investor-State Dispute in Kenya, Article 159(2) of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 and issuance of interim measures by Arbitral Tribunals. The ADR Journal is a publication of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, Kenya Branch. It provides a platform for scholarly debate and in-depth investigations into both theoretical and practical questions in Alternative Dispute Resolution.

The journal is edited by Professor of Law at the University of Nairobi, Faculty of Law Hon Prof. Kariuki Muigua, a distinguished law scholar, an accomplished mediator and arbitrator with a Ph.D. in law from the University of Nairobi and widespread training and experience in both international and national commercial arbitration and mediation. Prof. Muigua is a Fellow of Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb)- Kenya chapter and also a Chartered Arbitrator. He is a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, The Hague. He also serves as a member of the National Environment Tribunal. He has served as the Chartered Institute of Arbitrator’s (CIArb- UK) Regional Trustee for Africa from 2019 -2022.

In the paper “Building Peace in Africa through Alternative Dispute Resolution” Hon. Prof. Kariuki Muigua critically discusses the role of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms in peace building in Africa. The paper argues that ADR mechanisms can play a fundamental role in building peace in Africa. The paper further posits that ADR mechanisms are able to enhance sustainable peace in Africa due to their focus on reconciliation and restorative justice. It proposes solutions towards building peace in Africa through ADR.

In “the Emergence of the International Commercial Court: A Threat to Arbitration of Investor-State Dispute in Kenya” Marion Injendi Wasike and Dr. Kenneth W. Mutuma argue that the proliferation of international commercial courts, including their introduction in Kenya, necessitates a thorough analysis of their implications on arbitration’s role in investor-state disputes. By juxtaposing these emerging judicial entities against traditional arbitration paradigms, the discussion aims to unravel the complexities and potential shifts in dispute resolution preferences, highlighting the balance between innovation in legal adjudication and the sustenance of arbitration’s revered position in the international legal order.

Kamau Karori SC, MBS in “Striking a Balance: A Delicate Dance Between Sanctity and Scrutiny” notes that the continuing debate —between upholding the inviolability of arbitral awards and judicial intervention in cases of egregious injustice points to the need for delicate balancing between non-interference and the need to correct unmistakably unjust awards. The urgency of this discourse is informed by the need to prevent consumers or potential consumers of arbitration services opting to exclude arbitration clauses due to perceived deficiencies. The article seeks to navigate the genesis of the debate, delicately dissect the different perspectives, and draw comparisons with global practices.

The article “Reforming Kenya’s Law on Probation and Aftercare Services to Promote Alternative Dispute Resolution” by Michael Sang engages in a comprehensive exploration of Kenya’s Probation of Offenders Act within the context of the growing role of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) principles in the nation’s criminal justice system. Drawing inspiration from international legal instruments such as “The Beijing Rules,” “Bangkok Rules,” and “Tokyo Rules,” the study evaluates the Act’s provisions, strengths, and limitations. It concludes with a call for thoughtful reforms that align Kenya’s criminal justice system with international standards, emphasizing a balanced and compassionate approach to justice.

The “Upholding Ethics, Integrity and Best Practice in Mediation” by Hon. Prof. Kariuki Muigua, OGW critically discusses the need for standardization of mediation practice in Kenya by adopting best practices. It examines some of the challenges facing mediation practice in Kenya. It is also explores measures adopted towards fostering best practices in mediation at both the global and national level. The paper further suggests recommendations aimed at upholding ethics, integrity and best practice in mediation. In “Exploring the Role of Mediation in Promoting Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Fostering Economic Growth in Kenya” Atundo Wambare offers an in-depth analysis of the use of mediation in promoting the growth of small and medium enterprises (SME’s). He makes recommendations on how best mediation can be harnessed as a tool for economic growth in Kenya.

James Njuguna and Nyamboga George Nyanaro in “Compulsory Resolution or Autonomy Erosion? The Debate on Mandatory Sports Arbitration delve into the contentious issue of mandatory sports arbitration, questioning its role as a potential future pathway for dispute resolution. Their research examines the implications of compulsory arbitration on athletes’ autonomy, juxtaposing it with the benefits of expedited dispute resolution.

Paul Ngotho in “Constitution of Kenya 2010 Article 159.2.(c): Ancestry, Anatomy, Efficacy & Legacy” traces the rather odd origin and everlasting effect of the often-cited Article 159.2.(c) of the Constitution of Kenya 2010. It acknowledges the central role played by two members of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Kenya Branch, quietly and privately, away from the mainstream constitution making process. One of them chairman of the Branch, the other the Minister of Justice, National Cohesion and Constitutional Affairs.

David Onsare in “Navigating The ESG Maze: Emerging Trends in Arbitration and Corporate Accountability” embarks on a timely exploration of the dynamic interplay between Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) factors and arbitration, a field gaining critical importance in the realm of corporate accountability. By offering a comprehensive view of the complexities and practical implications of ESG in arbitration, the article serves as a crucial guide for legal professionals navigating the evolving landscape of corporate responsibility and arbitration. In “Public Policy as a Ground of Setting-Aside an Arbitral Award: Musings on the Centurion Engineers Civil Appeal Judgment”

Ibrahim Kitoo argues a case for upholding of public policy as a ground for the nonrecognition, non-enforcement and setting aside of an arbitral award in cases where to recognise and enforce such awards proves to be a clear violation of the law and against the public good. Juvenalis Ngowi in “Arbitral Tribunals: Do they have the power to issue interim measures during the proceedings?” discusses the powers of the Arbitral Tribunal to grant such orders and examines some procedural rules which empower arbitrators to issue such orders, the scope of those powers, and the factors to be considered when granting interim measures in the arbitral proceedings.

In “Examining the Efficacy of Mediation as A Tool for Accessing Justice in Kenya: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Perspectives” Murithi Antony undertakes a thorough examination of mediation as a form of ADR in the Kenyan context. He identifies opportunities arising from the integration of mediation into the country’s legal system and explores barriers impeding its widespread adoption. The article concludes with a resounding call to action for all stakeholders to champion the use of mediation collaboratively and proactively, given its proven efficacy in dispute resolution.

Kariuki Muigua & Company

+254 020-2210281 | admin@kmco.co.ke | Website | + posts

Kariuki Muigua & Company Advocates is a Top-Tier Kenyan law firm situated at the heart of Nairobi city in Kenya. We are a broad-based practice with a reputation for offering a full range of quality services to our domestic and international clients.

At KM&CO, we take pride in offering personalized attention to our diverse clientele. Our practice aspires to offer efficient and cost-effective legal solutions that meet our esteemed clients’ needs in a timely and competent manner.

KM&CO was founded in 1993 by the current senior Advocate, Dr. Kariuki Muigua. It is based in the Central Business District of Nairobi at the Pioneer Assurance House located opposite 7th August Bomb Blast Memorial Park enjoying the convenience of close proximity to major financial, commercial and governmental institutions.

We are open for consultations with our clients worldwide; we have lawyers on standby for 24 hours to cover diverse time zones that impact on our global clients.