By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), Winner of Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, ADR Publication of the Year 2021 and CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021*
The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 is founded on the pillars of the national values and principles of governance as set out under Article 10 thereof. Article 10(1) provides that these values and principles shall bind all State organs, State officers, public officers and all persons whenever any of them: applies or interprets this Constitution; enacts, applies or interprets any law; or makes or implements public policy decisions. Such values and principles have been listed to include: patriotism, national unity, sharing and devolution of power, the rule of law, democracy and participation of the people; human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, equality, human rights, nondiscrimination and protection of the marginalized; good governance, integrity, transparency and accountability; and sustainable development.
Chapter Four of the Constitution provides for the Bill of Rights and fundamental freedoms that are to be enjoyed by all persons without any discrimination. Discrimination of PWDs among other persons of different status is prohibited under Article 27(4) of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010. If a person alleges that a right guaranteed under Article 42 has been or is likely to be denied, violated, infringed or threatened, the person may apply to Court for redress in addition to any other legal remedies that are available in respect to the same matter. Article 43 (1) provides for the economic and social rights of all persons including the right to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care; to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation; to be free from hunger, and to have adequate food of acceptable quality; to clean and safe water in adequate quantities; to social security; and to education.
Article 48 guarantees the right to access to justice. This right has for the longest time been considered as one of the most important rights entitled to a person in a democratic society. Over time, judicial and legislative reforms have been initiated with the aim of improving access to justice in Kenya. However institutional inadequacies and lack of appropriate policy and legislative frameworks continue to hinder equal access to justice. In accordance with its Constitutional mandate, the Commission for the Implementation of the Constitution (CIC) held a consultative forum on access to justice to review laws and policies relating to access to justice. The aim of the forum was to align the respective laws and policies to the Constitution. The forum also discussed current gaps in policy and legislation. What is especially noteworthy is that the forum discussed ways of improving judicial services and equal access to justice for PWDs. This included the provision of procedural accommodations in order to facilitate the role of PWDs as direct or indirect participants in all legal proceedings, including at investigative and other preliminary stages.
The provisions of Article 54 of the Constitution are mirrored by section 13 of the Persons with Disabilities Act that reserves employment for them. Article 59 establishes the Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission which has the mandate to inter alia: promote respect for human rights and develop a culture of human rights in the Republic; promote gender equality and equity generally and to coordinate and facilitate gender mainstreaming in national development; promote the protection, and observance of human rights in public and private institutions; and to act as the principal organ of the State in ensuring compliance with obligations under treaties and conventions relating to human rights including the right of persons with disabilities.
Chapter Five of the Constitution deals with natural resources use, access and management. Article 60 provides for the principles of land management. Of utmost importance amongst these are: equitable access to land, security of land rights, transparent and cost effective administration of land, elimination of gender discrimination in law, customs and practices related to land and property in land. Further, Article 69 outlines the obligations of the State in regard to environment to include inter alia: ensuring sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, ensuring the equitable sharing of the accruing benefits; encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment; and utilizing the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.
Article 69(2) provides that every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources. For PWDs to be able to fulfill this duty, the State needs to set up and implement measures that facilitate and empower their participation. Article 72 of the Constitution provides that Parliament shall enact legislation to give effect to the provisions of the part dealing with the environment. The inclusion of PWDs in such legislation especially relating to management, preservation and protection of natural resources and the environment would be a major milestone in securing their rights.
Basically, the Constitution seeks to ensure that all persons regardless of their social or health status are treated equally and afforded the same chances for self-development and/or actualization as well as participating in all spheres of development. In conjunction with the international legal human rights instruments which are incorporated as part of the laws of Kenya under Article 2 of the Constitution, the Constitution can be seen as further promoting the social and environmental rights of PWDs and assisting a great deal in securing the realization of these rights. However, despite the robust and well-meaning human rights framework set out under the Constitution, the reality on the ground is that there exist cultural, social, economic and perhaps political impediments to realization of social and environmental rights by PWDs.
*This article is an extract from the Article Securing the Realisation of Environmental and Social Rights for Persons with Disabilities in Kenya, (2018) Journal of Conflict Management and Sustainable Development Volume 2(1), p. 45. by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K., “Securing the Realisation of Environmental and Social Rights for Persons with Disabilities in Kenya, (2018) Journal of Conflict Management and Sustainable Development Volume 2(1), p. 45.