By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), Winner of Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021.*
Kenya’s flow of foreign direct investment saw a significant step up in 2018, increasing by 27 per cent to $1.6 billion, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). In order to strengthen the private sector which is considered to be crucial to implementing the President’s Big Four Agenda, and foreign direct investment which has a key role in increasing private sector activity, the Kenyan Government has been working towards increased foreign direct investment by taking steps to facilitate private enterprise and foreign investment, for instance, through predictable regulatory and tax practices. This section highlights the regulatory framework which should guide the investment and development plans to also ensure that the same positively impacts on the livelihoods of its people. Specifically, it looks at the provisions that are aimed at enhancing and promoting public participation in development as part of ensuring that there is promotion of the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as mutually agreed, as envisaged under SDG 17, Target 17.7. Notably, the push for economic growth cannot only be driven by Kenya’s Government but also by its people, hence the need for active and meaningful participation of the people.
Constitution of Kenya 2010
Articles 2(5) and (6) of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 provide that the general rules of international law, and any treaty or convention ratified by Kenya, form part of the laws of Kenya, thus binding Kenya to observe its human rights obligations under international bill of human rights. The Constitution of Kenya 2010 recognizes public participation as an important component of governance in Kenya. Article 10 thereof provides for the national values and principles of governance which include the following: (a) patriotism, national unity, sharing and devolution of power, the rule of law, democracy and participation of the people; (b) human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, equality, human rights, non-discrimination and protection of the marginalized; (c) good governance, integrity, transparency and accountability; and (d) sustainable development. These national values and principles of governance are to bind all State organs, State officers, public officers and all persons whenever any of them- (a) applies or interprets this Constitution; (b) enacts, applies or interprets any law; or (c) makes or implements public policy decisions.
Article 20 of the Constitution of Kenya states that the Bill of Rights binds all state organs and all persons, which persons are defined under Article 260 as including a “company, association or other body of persons whether incorporated or unincorporated.” Regarding public participation, one of the great motivations for the devolved system of governance in the country was to boost public participation, as captured under the Fourth Schedule Part 2 (14) of the Constitution of Kenya which provides that one of the functions of the County governments is ensuring and coordinating the participation of communities and locations in governance at the local level and assisting communities and locations to develop the administrative capacity for the effective exercise of the functions and powers and participation in governance at the local level.
Similarly, Sections 87 to 92 and 115 of the County Governments Act, 2012 outline the principles of public participation and the procedure for facilitating public participation in County government governance and administration matters. The Constitution also outlines the obligations of the State in respect of the environment which include, inter alia: encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment; and establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment. However, it is worth pointing out that ‘every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources’. 66 The Constitution obligates all State organs and all public officers to address the needs of vulnerable groups within society, including women, older members of society, persons with disabilities, children, youth, members of minority or marginalized communities, and members of particular ethnic, religious or cultural communities.
Environment (Management and Co-ordination) Act, 1999
The Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999 (EMCA) provides for “environmental audit and monitoring” and “environmental impact assessment”, among others, which are meant to ensure that all persons take care of the environment while carrying out any activities which may adversely affect the environment. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is defined as the process by which environmental considerations are required to be fully integrated into the preparation of policies, plans and programmes and prior to their final adoption (emphasis added). Environmental impact assessment means a systematic examination conducted to determine whether or not a programme, activity or project will have any adverse impacts on the environment. Environmental audit means the systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of how well environmental organization, management and equipment are performing in conserving or preserving the environment. Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment (SESA) is seen to be a more effective tool since it integrates the social issues that are likely to emerge and not just the environmental considerations.
The implementation of this Act is to be guided by the following principles of Sustainable Development: (a) the principle of public participation in the development of policies, plans and processes for the management of the environment;(b) the cultural and social principles traditionally applied by any community in Kenya for the management of the environment or natural resources in so far as the same are relevant and are not repugnant to justice and morality or inconsistent with any written law;(c) the principle of international co-operation in the management of environmental resources shared by two or more states;(d) the principles of intergenerational and intragenerational equity;(e) the polluter-pays principle; and (f) the precautionary principle. EMCA outlines various environmental offences which include offences related to inspection, Environmental Impact Assessment, records and standards and offences related to hazardous wastes. The Act also prescribes penalties for these offences.
Kenya National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights
The Kenya national action plan on business and human rights for the Implementation of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (NAP) was drafted to domesticate the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights focusing on five thematic issues identified by stakeholders, namely: Land and Natural Resources; labour rights; revenue transparency; environmental protection; and access to remedy. The objectives of this NAP are: To guide the State as it fulfils its duty to protect individuals and communities from business-related human rights abuses, consistent with its domestic and international obligations; To guide businesses on the measures they should undertake to meet their responsibility to respect human rights in their operations; To offer a roadmap of strengthening access to State-based judicial and non-judicial remedies for victims of business-related harm and to promote human rights due diligence by businesses, ensuring that they play their role in the attainment of SDGs in a manner that respects human rights; and to form a basis for dialogue between the State, businesses, individuals and communities whose rights are adversely impacted by business operations, and civil society organisations on promoting respect for human rights by businesses. The NAP outlines policy actions aimed at enhancing State duty to protect human rights as well as those aimed at enhancing and upholding corporate responsibility to respect human rights. NAP is a step in the right direction and has the potential to enhance respect for human rights in the country. The above national constitutional, policy and statutory instruments are not exhaustive as there are other various government policies, programmes, plans and actions meant to achieve the frameworks outline above.
*This article is an extract from the Article “Upholding Human Rights and Meaningful Public Participation in Development Projects” by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K., “Upholding Human Rights and Meaningful Public Participation in Development Projects,” Available at: http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Upholding-Human-Rights-and-Meaningful-Public-Participation-in-Development-Projects-AutoRecovered-Kariuki-Muigua-24th-May-2021.pdf (accessed 22 April 2022).