News & Analysis
Role of Science and Technology in Environmental Management in Kenya
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2 years agoon
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Admin
By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), Winner of Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, ADR Publication of the Year 2021 and CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021*
Science and technology has been identified as capable of providing effective solutions to most, if not all, environmental problems facing the world. In the context of environmental management, environmental science studies the mechanisms and processes underlying our interactions with the natural environment whereas environmental technology allows application of such knowledge through actions geared towards environmental protection and conservation. Technology not only refers to machines and equipment, but also includes the knowledge, abilities, skills, processes and systems necessary to facilitate environmental conservation and protection. To this extent, technology has been classified as soft technology which entails information, training, research and capacity building and hard technology comprising of equipment.
Science and technology have resulted in many environmental problems but can also be key to addressing environmental concerns such climate change, waste management and environmental degradation. It has been described as a double edged sword capable of both doing and undoing environmental damage. Most environmental challenges such as global warming and climate change can be attributed to technological innovations since they are majorly caused by industrial pollution and fuel emissions from motor vehicles. Addressing these environmental concerns requires the input of science and technology through measures such as reducing greenhouse gases, conserving biological diversity, providing clean energy and expanding the adoption of green technologies for climate change mitigation.
Environmental management and decision making in Kenya is governed by laws, regulations, and policies. Due to the shortcomings of such laws, regulations and policies, there is need for these processes to be informed by scientific evidence. Indeed, science has the ability to remedy the shortcomings of laws and regulations through effective solutions tailor made to specific problems. The outbreak and spread of the Covid-19 pandemic is a clear example. Whereas countries have applied laws such as lock downs, curfews, quarantine and travel restrictions, spread of the virus still continues and the most effective solution to the pandemic would be through scientific knowledge and research to discover a cure and a viable vaccine. In the context of environmental management, there is need to link law and science in order to ensure effective environmental management.
In Kenya, the Constitution obligates the state to recognize the role of science and indigenous technologies in the development of the nation. To this effect, strides have been made towards the use of science and technology in environmental management. The ban on the manufacture, importation, supply, distribution and use of plastic bags and the subsequent adoption of woven bags has helped to curb environmental pollution. However, more needs to be done to integrate the use of science and technology in environmental management in Kenya. Adoption of cleaner technologies in such areas as transport, energy production and food production can be an effective preventive measure. Scientific knowledge is also useful in helping the citizenry adopt healthy lifestyles for a better, cleaner and healthier environment.
Some of the measures that can be adopted towards integrating the use of science and technology in environmental management in Kenya include:
Industrial Waste Treatment
In Kenya, most of the waste discharged from industries is not treated before recycling or disposal. This poses health risks and causes damage to the environment since such waste is often discharged into water sources. Consequently, the industries involved in pollution have found themselves at war with environment entities including the National Environment Management Authority. Some of the measures that have taken by NEMA include closure of industries allegedly engaged in these acts. However, with recent reports of industrial pollution of river sources such as the Nairobi River, questions still linger on the effectiveness of measures adopted in dealing with this challenge. Industrial pollution is a global problem which is not alien to Kenya.
Scientific measures that have been adopted to deal with industrial waste include use of materials such as zeolites, geopolymers, activated carbons and nanomaterials due to their characteristics such as ion exchange capacity, adsorption and photocatalytic action. However, use of science and technology in industrial waste treatment has not been fully appreciated in Kenya. NEMA acknowledges that waste treatment technologies have not been fully embraced in the country which can be attributed to a number of factors such as lack of awareness and knowledge of such technologies; inadequate funding; limited technical competence and slow adoption of modern technological options. There is need for the use of science and technology in industrial waste management in order to enhance environmental management and protection.
Adoption of Green and Clean Technologies
Green technology is an umbrella term that refers to the use of science and technology to create products and processes that are environmentally friendly for sustainable development. Clean technology refers to products or services that improve operational performance while reducing costs, energy consumption, waste or negative effects on the environment. These technologies can be used to protect the environment and in some instances repair damage done in the past. They provide the best ecofriendly option to ensure future sustainability. Such technologies include recycling of waste and use of renewable sources of energy solar, wind and geothermal energy.
Kenya has made some significant strides towards the adoption of green and clean technologies especially in the area of renewable energy. The country has been ranked as the largest producer of renewable energy in Africa with 70% of its electricity generation coming from renewable sources such as geothermal, hydropower, wind and solar sources. The government through the National Environment Management Authority imposed a ban on plastic carrier bags which has led to the use of eco-friendly nonwoven bags. Such measures are to be lauded since they offer significant promise in the country’s endeavour towards green and clean technologies. There is however need for more measures towards this endeavour such as the adoption of agricultural methods and technologies that are eco-friendly as opposed to the polluting and dangerous chemicals.
Climate Change Mitigation
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFFCC) defines climate change as change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activities which alter the composition of the global atmosphere and which are in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods. Climate change has become a global concern in the 21st century and has been a dominant subject in political and scientific discussions. It is majorly caused by human activities that lead to atmospheric concentration of green-house gases such as burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and increase in carbon dioxide levels.
In order to curb this problem, nations under the Paris Agreement have come together under a common cause to undertake ambitious measures aimed at aimed at combating climate change and adapting to its effects. The Agreement is aimed at holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels in recognition that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. The Agreement recognizes the role of science in climate change mitigation and calls upon states to adopt a country-driven, gender-responsive, participatory and fully transparent approach guided by the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional knowledge, knowledge of indigenous peoples and local knowledge systems.
Kenya like the rest of the world is faced with the threat of climate change. The Kenya National Adaptation Plan acknowledges the role of science, technology and innovations matched to local needs and risks towards climate change mitigation. It proposes thoughtful prioritization of research funding and policy to encourage innovation that will grow Kenya’s knowledge-based economy, building resilience through climate compatible development whilst also encouraging the expansion of technology and expertise exports. The country should be more proactive in adoption of technological and scientific measures aimed at curbing climate change such as the use of clean energy sources.
*This is article is an extract from an article by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya): Muigua, K., Utilising Science and Technology for Environmental Management in Kenya, http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Utilising-Science-and-Technology-for-Environmental-Management-in-Kenya.pdf. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is Kenya’s foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized as one of the leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts by the Chambers Global Guide 2021.
References
Ali.M., Model of Green Technology Adaptation in Small and Medium –Sized Tannery Industry, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 12 (4), 2017.
Huesemann. M.H., ‘Can Pollution Problems Be Effectively Solved by Environmental Science and Technology? An Analysis of Critical Limitations, Ecological Economics, Volume 37, Issue 2, May 2001, pg 271-287.
Human Rights Dimension of Covid-19 Response, available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/19/ human-rights-dimensions-covid-19-response (accessed on 03/04/2020).
Hsiang Kung. W., The Role of Science in Environmental Protection: Is the Development of Environmental Law Toward More Protective and Productive Way, or Distorted to Inequality, Through the Involvement of Science? Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1450811 (accessed on 18/03/2020).
Juma. C., ‘Exponential Innovation and Human Rights: Implications for Science and Technology Diplomacy’, Science, Technology and Globalization, February, 2018.
Kamau. J., How Nairobi River Lost Pollution Battle, Daily Nation, Monday, August 19, 2019 65 De Luca. P et al, Industrial Waste Treatment by ETS-10 Ion Exchanger Material, available at https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/ 11/11/2316 (accessed on 28/03/2020).
Kenton. W., Green Tech, available at https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/green_tech.asp (accessed on 29/03/2020).
Kenya News Agency, New Push on Green Technologies, available at https://www.kenyanews.go.ke/new-push-on-green-technologies/, accessed on 29/03/2020.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry, National Climate Change Action Plan 2018-2022, available at http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/8737.pdf (accessed on 31/03/2020).
Moore. J.W et al, Towards Linking Environmental Law and Science, available at https://www.facetsjournal.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/facets-2017-0106 (accessed on 01/04/2020).
Muigua.K., Reconceptualising the Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment in Kenya, available at http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/RIGHT-TO-CLEAN-AND-HEALTHYENVIRONMENT-IN-KENYA.docx-7th-september-2015.pdf (accessed on 04/04/2020).
Muigua. K., Nurturing Our Environment for Sustainable Development, Glenwood Publishers Limited, 2016 74 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), United Nations, 1992, available at https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf (accessed on 30/03/2020).
National Assembly Departmental Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Report on an Inquiry into Complaints of Environmental Pollution, available at http://www.parliament.go.ke/sites/ default/files/2019-09/LDK%20REPORT_compressed.pdf, accessed on 28/03/2020.
National Environment Management Authority, 2 years on: Say no to plastic bags, available at http://www.nema.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=296&catid=2&Itemid=451 (Accessed on 20/03/2020).
National Environment Management Authority, ‘The National Solid Waste Management Strategy’, available at http://www.nema.go.ke/images/Docs/Media%20centre/Publication/National%20 Solid%20Waste%20 Management%20Strategy%20.pdf, accessed on 28/03/2020.
National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Factories Closed, Owners Arrested for Polluting Environment, available at http://www.nema.go.ke/index.php?option=com_content&view=article &id=298: factories-closedowners-arrested-for-polluting-environment&catid=10:news-and-events&Itemid=454 (accessed on 06/04/2020).
National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Green Initiatives in Kenya, available at http://nema.go.ke/images/Docs/Media%20centre/Brochures/Green%20Economy%20Booklet.pdf (accessed on 29/03/2020).
National Environment Management Authority, Ban on Manufacture, Importation, Supply, Distribution and use of Plastic Carrier Bags in Kenya, available at http://www.nema.go.ke/index.php?option=com _content&view=article&id=296&catid=2&Itemid=451 (accessed on 29/03/2020).
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Owusu. P.A., & Asumadu-Sarkodie. S, A Review of Renewable Energy Sources, Sustainability Issues and Climate Change Mitigation, available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23311916. 2016.1167990?needAccess=true (accessed on 30/03/2020).
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Voulvoulis.N., & Burgman.M.A., The Contrasting Roles of Science and Technology in Environmental Challenges, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Volume 49, 2019, Issue 12.
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News & Analysis
The Scope and Indicators of Sustainability Audit
Published
1 month agoon
October 28, 2023By
Admin
By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Sustainable Development Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), The African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 and ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and Author of the Kenya’s First ESG Book: Embracing Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) tenets for Sustainable Development” (Glenwood, Nairobi, July 2023) and and Kenya’s First Two Climate Change Law Book: Combating Climate Change for Sustainability (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023) and Achieving Climate Justice for Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023)*
In 2015, the member states of the United Nations unanimously agreed to adopt the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This agenda includes 169 objectives and 17 goals related to sustainable development. The United Nations General Assembly announced in resolution 70/1 that the Sustainable Development Goals and Targets would be monitored and evaluated using a set of global indicators that would concentrate on quantifiable results. Therefore, the reporting done by companies is a significant data source for the framework used to track progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. Reporting, which serves as a primary source of information on company performance, has the potential to enrich and enhance the monitoring mechanisms for the Sustainable Development Goals. It does this by providing stakeholders, such as governments and providers of capital, with the means to evaluate the economic, environmental, and social impact that companies have on sustainable development.
Risk assessment based on sustainability from the perspectives of all stakeholders, including financial, social, environmental, and technical ones, and risk management are the main areas of attention for sustainability accounting and auditing. The technocratic paradigm, which places an emphasis on hard data and its potential to give comprehensive control over persons, institutions, and systems, predominates in contemporary sustainability auditing. The use of indicators may enhance the quality of decisions and trigger more effective actions by simplifying, clarifying, and making aggregate information more available to decision-makers. This can lead to improvements in both choice quality and action effectiveness. In this particular setting, the SI have been used as instruments with the purpose of assisting in gaining an understanding of the idea of sustainability. This awareness has been achieved via the utilisation of a methodological approach that is tied to the new paradigms of Sustainable Development.
Indicators of Sustainability (SI) are metrics that aim to quantify the degree of sustainability and gather information for improved decision-making about policies, programmes, initiatives, and activities linked to sustainability. The SI looks to be a vital instrument for assessing development objectives as a sustainable proposition now that its significance has been shown with regard to public policy. Indicators of sustainability are an important tool for businesses to have. Concerns over the environment have been more prevalent throughout the years. These companies have a lot to offer, particularly in the area of minimising the negative externalities they cause. This must be accomplished via their plans and tactics, but it is very necessary that there be a technique that is adequate for judging how effective these measures have been. These are the techniques that may be used to evaluate how well a company’s strategy has been implemented. These actions are tied to certain goals and are outlined in a strategy for the corporate sustainability of the organisation. For instance, cutting down on waste or one’s carbon impact throughout the manufacturing process. Implementation of these standards is used to determine whether or not progress is being achieved in the desired direction.
The use of these indicators is done mostly for the purpose of determining whether or not the organisation is successful in achieving its goals. In the event that there is a deviation, appropriate remedial actions may be taken. Therefore, sustainability indicators are used to assess not only the profitability of the organisation but also how well it carries out its aims. The process of developing indicators is always a two-way affair. Indicators are not only sought by policy goals, but they also serve to concretize and shape those goals in many ways. As a result, the process of producing indicators cannot be limited to a strictly technical or scientific scope; rather, it need to be characterized by open communication and a focus on policy.
Indicators that are acceptable for this function need to be straightforward and unambiguous about their purpose: a) the number of indicators should be kept to a minimum, and the process of calculating them should be made public; b) the indicators should be directionally clear, which means that they should point out items and trends that are obviously relevant in terms of their importance for sustainability, and they should be sensitive, which means that they should be able to signal either progress or the absence of progress. While there may be challenges in development of these indicators, stakeholders from different sectors can work together to develop a set of indicators that are both relevant to the country and easy to follow up on. Thus, such challenges should not be used as a hindrance to not promoting development of the SI for promoting sustainability audit in the country.
It has been pointed out, and properly so, that sustainability consists of environmental, economic, and social aspects (occasionally institutions are mentioned as the fourth dimension), each of which contains a lot of components that make it up. Therefore, indications of sustainability may be as varied as the components of the system, and they can also differ with respect to worldviews, objectives, and scales of time and space. There are a lot of indicators, but most of them only reflect some elements of human–environmental systems. Some of them are more integrative than others, but none of them are sufficient to measure all of the characteristics of sustainability by itself. In addition, It is becoming more widely acknowledged that the most significant value of the terms “sustainability” and “sustainable development” rests in their focus on uniting the various aspects, the most prevalent classifications of which are environmental, economic, and social. In light of this, efforts to promote sustainability need to centre on the holistic, integrated totality of human and environmental systems.
Sustainability indicators must be more than environmental indicators; they must be about time and/or thresholds. Development indicators should be more than growth indicators; they should be about efficiency, sufficiency, equity, and quality of life. Development indicators should be more than growth indicators; they should be about efficiency, sufficiency, equity, and quality of life. When it comes to our attempts to make sustainable development a reality, indicators and indices are very necessary for developing a scientific knowledge and formulating effective policies. These measurements will need to continue to increase in complexity and sophistication as time goes on in order for them to keep up with the demands placed on them by the ever-worsening state of environmental and socioeconomic issues. The process of discovering suitable and efficient indicators of sustainability is one that involves evolution as well as learning new things.
*This is an extract from the Book: Achieving Climate Justice for Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023) by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Senior Advocate of Kenya, Chartered Arbitrator, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya), African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Africa ADR Practitioner of the Year 2022, Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration nominated by Republic of Kenya and Member of National Environment Tribunal (NET). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates and Africa Trustee Emeritus of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators 2019-2022. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Band 1 in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022 and was listed in the Inaugural THE LAWYER AFRICA Litigation Hall of Fame 2023 as one of the Top 50 Most Distinguished Litigation Lawyers in Kenya and the Top Arbitrator in Kenya in 2023.
References
APLANET. Sustainability indicators: definition, types of KPIs and their use in the sustainability plan. APLANET. https://aplanet.org/resources/sustainabilityindicators/ (accessed 2023-06-28).
Batalhao, A., de Fatima Martins, M., van Bellen, H.M., Ferreira Caldana, A.C. and Teixeira, D., ‘Sustainability Indicators: Relevance, Public Policy Support and Challenges’ (2019) 9 Journal of Management and Sustainability 173.
Fagerström, A.; Hartwig, G. Accounting and Auditing of Sustainability: A Modelnter Title; 2016.
Reid, J.; Rout, M. Developing Sustainability Indicators–The Need for Radical Transparency. Ecological Indicators 2020, 110.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Guidance on Core Indicators for Sustainability and SDG Impact Reporting; 2022, p. 1.
Valentin A and Spangenberg JH, ‘A Guide to Community Sustainability Indicators’ (2000) 20 Environmental Impact Assessment Review 381.
Wu J and Wu T, “Sustainability indicators and indices: an overview.” Handbook of sustainability management (2012): 65-86.
Waas, T.; Hugé, J.; Block, T.; Wright, T.; Benitez-Capistros, F.; Verbruggen, A. Sustainability Assessment and Indicators: Tools in a Decision-Making Strategy for Sustainable Development. Sustainability 2014, 6 (9), 5512–5534. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6095512.
News & Analysis
The Basics of Environmental Auditing and Monitoring in Kenya
Published
1 month agoon
October 28, 2023By
Admin
By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Sustainable Development Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), The African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 and ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and Author of the Kenya’s First ESG Book: Embracing Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) tenets for Sustainable Development” (Glenwood, Nairobi, July 2023) and and Kenya’s First Two Climate Change Law Book: Combating Climate Change for Sustainability (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023) and Achieving Climate Justice for Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023)*
The Constitution of Kenya requires the State to establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment. In particular, Article 69 obligates the State to set up the systems for, among other, “environmental audit and monitoring of the environment.” At the same time, the State is bound to ensure “to compel any public officer to take measures to prevent or discontinue any act or omission that is harmful to the environment.” There is no doubt that such action which any public officer may be compelled do in include environmental audit and monitoring especially where omission to undertake is clearly harmful to the environment.
EMCA defines “environmental audit” to mean the systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of how well environmental organisation, management and equipment are performing in conserving or preserving the environment. An initial environmental audit and a control audit are conducted by a qualified and authorized environmental auditor or environmental inspector who is an expert or a firm of experts registered by NEMA. In the case of an ongoing project, NEMA requires the proponent to undertake an initial environmental audit study to provide baseline information upon which subsequent environmental audits shall be based. The proponent shall be issued with an acknowledgement letter and an improvement order where necessary.
Environmental audits and monitoring act as follow up tools to determine the extent to which activities being undertaken conform to the environmental impact assessment study report issues in respect of the particular project. The aim of this process is to guard against deviation from the study report which could have detrimental effects on the environment. NEMA is mandated under EMCA to undertake environmental audits of all activities that are likely to have significant effect on the environment and in consultation with lead agencies, monitor all environmental phenomena with a view to making an assessment of any possible changes in the environment and their possible impacts.
Indeed, National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is obligated under EMCA to identify projects and programmes or types of projects and programme, plans and policies for which environmental audit or environmental monitoring must be conducted under this Act. NEMA or its designated agents is responsible for carrying out environmental audit of all activities that are likely to have significant effect on the environment. An environmental inspector appointed under the Act may enter any land or premises for the purposes of determining how far the activities carried out on that land or premises conform with the statements made in the environmental impact assessment study report issued in respect of that land or those premises under section 58(2) of EMCA.
The owner of the premises or the operator of a project for which an environmental impact assessment study report has been made is bound to keep accurate records and make annual reports to the Authority describing how far the project conforms in operation with the statements made in the environmental impact assessment study report. At the same time, the owner of premises or the operator of a project is enjoined to take all reasonable measures to mitigate any undesirable effects not contemplated in the environmental impact assessment study report submitted and to prepare and submit an environmental audit report on those measures to the Authority annually or as the Authority may, in writing, require.
With respect to environmental monitoring, NEMA is empowered to, in consultation with the relevant lead agencies, monitor: all environmental phenomena with a view to making an assessment of any possible changes in the environment and their possible impacts; or the operation of any industry, project or activity with a view of determining its immediate and long-term effects on the environment. In addition, environmental inspectors are entitled to enter upon any land or premises for the purposes of monitoring the effects upon the environment of any activities carried on that land or premises. The Environment (Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 provide the necessary guidelines on the procedure.
NEMA is still facing challenges in discharging its mandate as it is currently and there is a need to work closely with the county governments in order to be in touch with what is happening across the country. Many of these challenges came to the public limelight on 10th May, 2018, when Kenyans woke up to the shocking news of the collapse of Milmet Dam – also known as Solai Dam – in Nakuru County. Adjacent farms and villages had been washed away in the onrush of the water’s break. Hundreds of people were caught up in the consequent muddy sludge, claiming 47 lives in the downstream flood chaos. The subsequent cases brought against NEMA officials by the Director of Public Prosecutions to hold them liable for the disaster highlighted the challenges that NEMA is facing in discharging its mandate across the country. This, therefore, calls for concerted efforts from all lead agencies under the direction of NEMA to ensure that environmental standards are upheld and enforced across the various sectors.
It has rightly been pointed out that virtually all companies face the possibility of environmental liability costs and as such, it is imperative for the management to make at a least a general estimate of their company’s potential future environmental liability be it from legally mandated cleanup of hazardous waste sites or from lawsuits involving consumers, employees, or communities. Such information could be useful in the following to encourage defensive and prudent operations and waste reduction; improve manufacturing, waste disposal and shipping practices; negotiate and settle disputes with insurance carriers; influence regulators and public policy makers; determine suitable levels of financial resources; reassess corporate strategy and management practices (think green); articulate a comprehensive risk management program; improve public relations and public citizenship; and assess hidden risks in takeovers and acquisitions. Companies and organisations are to engage in proactive environmental risk management as part of their strategic plans in order to avoid costly environmental liability mistakes.
Strengthening environmental compliance and enforcement requires renewed efforts by individuals and institutions everywhere. Government officials, particularly inspectors, investigators, and prosecutors, must exercise public authority in trust for all of their citizens according to the standards of good governance and with a view to protecting and improving public well-being and conserving the environment. The judiciary has a fundamental contribution to make in upholding the rule of law and ensuring that national and international laws are interpreted and applied fairly, efficiently, and effectively. The public as a way of enhancing identification of activities that violate environmental laws as well as increasing the rate of enforcement and compliance with court decisions, by bodies and individuals.
*This is an extract from the Book: Achieving Climate Justice for Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023) by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Senior Advocate of Kenya, Chartered Arbitrator, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya), African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Africa ADR Practitioner of the Year 2022, Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration nominated by Republic of Kenya and Member of National Environment Tribunal (NET). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates and Africa Trustee Emeritus of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators 2019-2022. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Band 1 in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022 and was listed in the Inaugural THE LAWYER AFRICA Litigation Hall of Fame 2023 as one of the Top 50 Most Distinguished Litigation Lawyers in Kenya and the Top Arbitrator in Kenya in 2023.
References
Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003, Legal Notice 101 of 2003, Laws of Kenya (Government Printer, Nairobi, 2003).
Environmental Management and Co-Ordination Act (EMCA), No. 8 of 1999, Government Printer,
Nairobi.
News & Analysis
The Definition of Climate Justice
Published
1 month agoon
October 26, 2023By
Admin
By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Sustainable Development Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), The African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 and ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and Author of the Kenya’s First ESG Book: Embracing Environmental Social and Governance (ESG) tenets for Sustainable Development” (Glenwood, Nairobi, July 2023) and and Kenya’s First Two Climate Change Law Book: Combating Climate Change for Sustainability (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023) and Achieving Climate Justice for Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023)*
It has been pointed out that climate change has had uneven and unequal burdens across the globe with nations and communities that contribute the least to climate change suffering the most from its consequences. In 2022, Pakistan which contributes less than 1 % of global greenhouse gases which lead to climate change suffered extreme flooding which resulted in the deaths of over 1,700 people, destroyed around 2 million homes, and swept away almost half the country’s cropland. There is a general consensus in the scientific community that the flooding was made worse by climate change since global warming makes air and sea temperatures rise resulting in more evaporation taking place thus increasing the intensity of rainfall. The melting of glaciers in the country’s northern region, again due to the increase in global temperatures, compounded the problem by releasing even more water and debris into the floods.
Further, it has been observed that the Horn of Africa, a region with very little contribution to the climate change problem, is facing a severe drought following the worst performing rains in 73 years and five successive failed rainy seasons. It has also been pointed out that the frequency and severity of the drought is likely to increase affecting more than 36 million people due to food insecurity, with women and girls disproportionately affected by the direct and indirect impacts of the drought. Further, small island nations in the Caribbean and Pacific islands such as Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands have suffered from severe impacts of climate change cyclone that killed residents, displaced thousands and damaged infrastructure. Despite their little contribution to climate change, sea level rise, increasing temperatures and frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones, and storm surges are some of the climate change impacts facing island nations, some of which are in low-lying areas of just 5 meters above sea level at the highest point making them more vulnerable to these impacts.
It is thus evident that the climate change has adverse impacts especially on nations and communities that contribute the least to its threat. The concept of Climate Justice acknowledges this concern. It recognizes that some countries mainly the large industrialized economies of Europe and North America have benefitted much more from the industries and technologies that cause climate change than have developing nations in places such as Africa, Asia, the Caribbean Islands and the Pacific Islands which due to an unfortunate mixture of economic and geographic vulnerability, continue to shoulder the brunt of the burdens of climate change despite their relative innocence in causing it. It seeks to promote justice in climate related concerns.
Climate justice links human rights and development to achieve a human-centred approach, safeguarding the rights of the most vulnerable people and sharing the burdens and benefits of climate change and its impacts equitably and fairly. It entails understating climate change as an issue that relates to equity, fairness, ethics and human rights and not just an environmental phenomenon. Climate Justice is a framework that focuses on the intersection between climate change and social inequalities. This is achieved by linking the effects of climate change to the notions of justice particularly environmental and social justice by examining the concepts of equality and human rights within the lens of climate change. It focuses on how climate change impacts people differently, unevenly and disproportionately and seeks to address the resultant injustices in fair and equitable ways.
Climate Justice encapsulates various facets of justice including distributive justice, procedural justice and justice as recognition. Distributive justice concerns itself with the disproportionate impact that climate change has on the people, communities and countries that are least responsible for climate change and its impacts. Climate Justice seeks to ensure the just distribution of the burdens and benefits of climate change among nations. It further insists on redressing the imbalances caused by the effects of climate change by imposing what is sometimes referred to as a climate debt on those nations primarily responsible for causing climate change.
Procedural justice on the other hand is aimed at addressing distributive climate injustices by creating processes that are participatory, fair, inclusive and accessible. Procedural justice requires that citizens be informed about and involved in decision-making on climate change matters. Justice as recognition on its part seeks to give a voice to people who have been traditionally marginalized in climate change matters as a result of structural inequality.
Climate Justice is thus a multidimensional idea that requires the various facets of justice to be recognized and upheld simultaneously. The idea of Climate justice is therefore significant for the entire world since it stands seeks to achieve an agenda that links the struggle for a prosperous, safe future for all with a fight against inequalities and exclusion. It envisages linking human rights with development and climate action, having a people centred approach to climate action, understanding that not everyone has contributed to climate change in the same way and combatting injustices resulting from climate change social, gender, economic, intergenerational and environmental injustices. It seeks to achieve equal access to natural resources, fair and effective solutions in response to climate change and the assigning of responsibility for those who contribute most to the global threat of climate change.
Climate Justice is thus guided by several principles including the protection and empowering of vulnerable individuals and communities, promoting public participation in decision making, fostering global collaboration in the response to climate change, achieving intergeneration equity in order to protect future generations from the effects of climate change and assigning of responsibility to nations that contribute most to global greenhouse gas emissions. Climate Justice is thus vital in ensuring effective climate change mitigation and adaptation towards Sustainable Development.
*This is an extract from the Book: Achieving Climate Justice for Development (Glenwood, Nairobi, October 2023) by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Senior Advocate of Kenya, Chartered Arbitrator, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya), African Arbitrator of the Year 2022, Africa ADR Practitioner of the Year 2022, Member of Permanent Court of Arbitration nominated by Republic of Kenya and Member of National Environment Tribunal (NET). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates and Africa Trustee Emeritus of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators 2019-2022. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Band 1 in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022 and was listed in the Inaugural THE LAWYER AFRICA Litigation Hall of Fame 2023 as one of the Top 50 Most Distinguished Litigation Lawyers in Kenya.
References
Bafana. B., ‘Climate Change is No ‘Future Scenario’ for Pacific Island Nations; Climate Change is ‘Real’ Available at https://reliefweb.int/ report/world/climate-change-nofuture-scenario-pacific-island-nations-climate-change-real (Accessed on 28/07/2023).
Foundation for European Progressive Studies., ‘United for Climate Justice.’ Available at https://fepseurope.eu/wpcontent/uploads/ downloads/publications/short%20united%20for%20climate%2 0justice%20-%204.pdf (Accessed on 28/07/2023).
Giles. M., ‘The Principles of Climate Justice at CoP27.’ Available at https://earth.org/principles-ofclimatejustice/#:~:text=That%20 response%20should%20be%20based,the%20consequences %20of%20climate%20change. (Accessed on 28/07/2023).
Mary Robinson Foundation Climate Justice., ‘Principles of Climate Justice.’ Available at https://www.mrfcj.org/principles-of-climate-justice/ (Accessed on 28/07/2023).
New Internationalist., ‘Four Principles for Climate Justice.’ Available at https://newint.org/features/2009/01/01/principles-climate-justice (Accessed on 28/07/2023)
United Nations Development Programme., ‘Can Groundwater act as a Catalyst for Sustainable Development in Africa’s borderlands?’ Available at https://www.undp.org/africa/africa-borderlands-centre/blog/can-groundwater-act-catalystsustainable-developmentafricasborderlands?gclid=EAIaIQobCh MIpM6GnoGxgAMV1uZ3Ch0bkAPOEAMYAyAA EgLKG_D_BwE (Accessed on 28/07/2023).
United Nations Environment Programme., ‘Climate Justice.’ Available at https://leap.unep.org/knowledge/glossary/climate-justice (Accessed on 28/07/2023).
UNICEF., ‘What is Climate Justice? and What can we do Achieve it?’ Available at https://www.unicef.org/globalinsight/what-climate-justice-and-what-can-we-do-achieveit#:~:text=Utilizing%20a%20 climate%20justice%20approach,vulnerability%20to%20the% 20climate%20crisis. (Accessed on 28/07/2023).

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