By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), Winner of Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021*
Due to the increasingly important role of the environment and its resources in the realization of international human rights, the connection between human rights and environmental law has received increasing attention at the international and regional legal frameworks. As such, there has been an increased call for adoption of a rights-based approach to environmental conservation in order to strike a balance between environmental protection and realization of basic human rights.
Indeed, this seems to be the approach adopted in the drafting and implementation of sustainable development goals which seek to strike a balance among environmental conservation, economic development and human rights protection. For instance, people participation in natural resources management is seen as an important step towards eradicating abject poverty, a sustainable development goal 1 (SDG 1), where some authors have argued that decentralised natural resource management is a potential way in which rural people can generate money and manage resources sustainably.
Poverty is a major contributing factor to insecurity and instability especially in the rural areas where communities mainly rely on scarce land based natural resources which are affected by climate change and population growth, among others. It has been observed that ‘rural poverty can be caused by a combination of: living and farming in unfavourable conditions (climate, soils, access to markets, small land holdings); lack of resource access rights, legal protection or recognition; lack of ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, cultural/spiritual, regenerative); lack of income opportunities (on- or off-farm) in local economies; and lack of investment in the (few) opportunities that exist for market-based ventures.
As a result, it has been observed that the adoption of rights-based approaches in development work – that is, approaches that are informed and guided by the framework of international human rights law, and the values that underpin it – has had a significant impact on the ways in which development agencies operate. It is possible to have investments in the name of development that do not meet the needs or respect the human rights of poor or marginalised communities where these local communities can be affected both by the lack of consultation and participation and by the negative impact such projects have on the environment and their livelihoods.
A rights-based approach, it has been observed, encourages responsible actions mindful of the rights of others, and of obligations to help respect, protect and promote the enjoyment of those rights, also contribute to building a climate of transparency and accountability that enhances the opportunities for long-term conservation. It is, therefore, arguable that while participation means that people are closely involved in the economic, social, cultural and political processes that affect their lives, it may mean complete and direct control over these processes, or, partial or indirect; the most important thing being that people have constant access to decision-making and power.
Article 21(1) of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights guarantees that everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. Article 22 thereof also guarantees that everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.
Notably, measures for the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of ecosystems very often require changes in the way natural resources are managed, affecting how, when, how much and by whom natural resources, ecosystem services and biodiversity are used. Based on the links between human rights and the environment, steps taken to conserve biodiversity can affect peoples’ rights in positive ways.
Under the Constitution of Kenya 2010, the devolved system of governance was meant to, inter alia, promote democratic and accountable exercise of power, and foster national unity by recognising diversity; give powers of self-governance to the people and enhance the participation of the people in the exercise of the powers of the State and in making decisions affecting them; recognise the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further their development; facilitate the decentralisation of State organs, their functions and services, from the capital of Kenya, Nairobi; and enhance checks and balances and the separation of powers.
While devolution has achieved commendable steps towards attaining equality and equity within the rural Kenya44, the poverty levels and social, political and economic inequalities in the country are still high. Rampant corruption and misallocation of political and economic resources in Kenya and especially at the county levels of governance may be some of the main factors that may be contributing to the slow pace of poverty alleviation despite the proximity of the rural areas to the devolved governance.
There is need for stakeholders to go back to the drawing board on why devolution was introduced by the drafters of the Constitution while also ensuring that the national values and principles of governance are applied and upheld at both levels of governance, and these include: a) patriotism, national unity, sharing and devolution of power, the rule of law, democracy and participation of the people; (b) human dignity, equity, social justice, inclusiveness, equality, human rights, nondiscrimination and protection of the marginalised; (c) good governance, integrity, transparency and accountability; and (d) sustainable development.
This is especially important considering that integration of human rights into conservation matters also introduces new elements to conservation practice, particularly related to: grounding in defined standards, especially based on international human rights frameworks, and relationships of accountability between “rights holders” and “duty bearers”. Devolution can go a long way in encouraging Environmental Democracy and the realization of Article 69 of the Constitution of Kenya 2010, which not only spells out the obligations of the State as a “duty-bearer” but also those of citizens as both “rights holders” and “duty bearers”.
Notably, human rights entail both rights and obligations, with States (duty bearers) assuming obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfill human rights (of rights holders), and at the individual level while we are entitled our human rights, we (and organisations) should also respect the human rights of others. Refraining from engaging in anthropogenic activities that adversely biological diversity is part of exercising this responsibility as such activities would negatively affect nature’s ability to meet the needs of other human beings, both current and in future.
*This article is an extract from the Article: Fostering a Human Rights Approach to Biodiversity Conservation in Kenya by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K. “Fostering a Human Rights Approach to Biodiversity Conservation in Kenya,” (Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates, 2011), Available at: http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Fostering -a-Human-Rights-Approach-to-Biodiversity-Conservation-in-Kenya-Kariuki-Muigua-November-2021.pdf (accessed on 01/04/2022).