By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), Winner of Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021*
The global population is predicted to reach 8.6 billion by 2030, necessitating the protection of a finite and diminishing quantity of natural resources, since the livelihoods of billions of people employed in the agricultural value chain are at risk. Providing enough, safe, and nutritious food to all people has always been a major worldwide challenge, even in the twenty-first century, where food availability, access to food, food use/utilization, and food stability are the four elements that most people think of when they think of food security. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) describes food security in following terms: “Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”.
Constitution of Kenya 2010 The Constitution of Kenya 201038 took bolder steps than its predecessor to not only incorporate environmental conservation and sustainable development issues as a stand-alone chapter but also notably puts emphasis on a rights-based approaches to conservation which require such conservation measures to also focus on the livelihoods and rights aspects of projects, programmes, and activities. It has been argued that adopting rights-based approaches to conservation serves to ensure that the protection of rights and biodiversity conservation are mutually reinforcing. These rights are both procedural and substantive. The Constitution outlines favourable legislative protection of biodiversity as envisaged in Chapter Five on Land and the Environment, where there is the emphasis on sustainable use of land and other natural resources, including biodiversity as a key principle.
Article 69 of the Constitution is relevant in the quest for biodiversity conservation especially in relation to the obligations of the State in respect of the environment and natural resources management. The provisions of Article 69(1) are notably comprehensive, addressing a number of cross-sectoral biodiversity concerns outlined by the CBD including issues of benefit sharing, traditional knowledge, elimination of activities harmful to biodiversity and the role of the community in conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. However, it is worth pointing out that ‘every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources’.
The Constitution also altered the legal landscape in Kenya by introducing a devolved system of governance in Kenya, with authority, roles and responsibilities split between the national government and the 47 county governments. Regarding the environment and biodiversity conservation, the National Government is charged with: use of international waters and water resources; protection of the environment and natural resources with a view to establishing a durable and sustainable system of development, including, in particular-(a) fishing, hunting and gathering; (b) protection of animals and wildlife; (c) water protection, securing sufficient residual water, hydraulic engineering and the safety of dams; and (d) energy policy; agricultural policy; and capacity building and technical assistance to the counties.
As for the county governments, they are charged with: Agriculture, including—(a) crop and animal husbandry; (b) livestock sale yards; (c) county abattoirs; (d) plant and animal disease control; and (e) fisheries; control of air pollution, noise pollution, other public nuisances and outdoor advertising; implementation of specific national government policies on natural resources and environmental conservation, including– (a) soil and water conservation; and (b) forestry; and ensuring and coordinating the participation of communities and locations in governance at the local level and assisting communities and locations to develop the administrative capacity for the effective exercise of the functions and powers and participation in governance at the local level. However, Counties may perform other functions assigned through an Act of Parliament. Notably, some of the functions related to environmental conservation fall within the shared jurisdiction of both national and county levels of government and should, therefore, be performed in a cooperative way.
The Constitution of Kenya guarantees the right of every person to be free from hunger and thirst: Every person has the right— (c) to be free from hunger, and to have adequate food of acceptable quality; (d) to clean and safe water in adequate quantities. Conservation of biodiversity for securing food and nutrition security in Kenya thus becomes an important step towards guaranteeing human rights of all. Biological diversity affects agricultural and livestock output, as well as the structure and function of agroecosystems, in both good and negative ways.
*This article is an extract from the Article: Biodiversity Mainstreaming for Food and Nutrition Security in Kenya by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K., “Biodiversity Mainstreaming for Food and Nutrition Security in Kenya,” (KMCO, 2021) Available at: http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/ 2021/12/ Biodiversity-Mainstreaming-for-Food-and-Nutrition-Security-in-Kenya-Kariuki-Muigua-December-2021.pdf (accessed on 05/04/2022).