By Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD (Leading Environmental Law Scholar, Policy Advisor, Natural Resources Lawyer and Dispute Resolution Expert from Kenya), Winner of Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021, ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and CIArb (Kenya) Lifetime Achievement Award 2021.*
The world is faced with dwindling environmental and natural resources attributable to a myriad of reasons which include but are not limited to climate change, environmental degradation due to pollution and other unsustainable consumption and production practices by the human race. The potential for human kind to destroy the environment was indeed acknowledged in 1972 when the UN Conference on the Human Environment stated: “In our time, man’s capability to transform his surroundings, if used wisely, can bring to all peoples the benefit of development and the opportunity to enhance the quality of life. Wrongly or heedlessly applied, the same power can do incalculable harm to human beings and human environment”.
Undoubtedly, this human power has been used wrongly through unsustainable consumption and production patterns, and the results have been devastating, the world over, including in Kenya where there have been rampant cases of environmental degradation. The United Nations argues that the human population is currently consuming more resources than ever, exceeding the planet’s capacity for generation. As a way of addressing this challenge, the United Nations 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) dedicates SDG Goal 12 to ensuring sustainable consumption and production patterns by all countries. It has been observed that although consumption and production are at the core of the global economy, the current unsustainable production and consumption patterns lead to deforestation, water scarcity, food waste, and high carbon emissions, and cause the degradation of key ecosystems.
Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) can be defined as: “the use of services and related products which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while minimising the use of natural resources and toxic materials as well as the emission of waste and pollutants over the life cycle of the service or product so as not to jeopardise the needs of future generations.” It has also been defined as: a holistic approach to minimising the negative environmental impacts from consumption and production systems while promoting quality of life for all.” Thus, while Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) may mean different things to different people, it can generally be agreed that SCP is about systemic change, decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation and applying a lifecycle thinking approach, taking into account all phases of resource use in order to do more and better with less. It has rightly been pointed out that a major challenge in environmental policymaking is determining whether and how fast our society should adopt sustainable management methods as these decisions may have long lasting effects on the environment.
Excessive Use of agrochemicals and Overreliance on Agriculture
It has rightly been pointed out that commercialization of horticulture farming, expansion of farms, and the practice of monoculture favour the proliferation of pests, which in turn increases the need for pesticides. Currently, due to agricultural industrialization, more and more farmers in Kenya and indeed globally, are using agro-chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) in their farms to deal with pests and all other destructive insects as well as increasing productivity. The need for increased food production is occasioned by the growing population thus making it imperative to ensure food security by increasing crop production.
Some commentators have argued that application of excessive fertilizers and pesticides to improve crop production has negative environmental implications, including soil degradation, enhanced greenhouse gas emissions, accumulation of pesticides, and decline in the availability and quality of water. Indeed, indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides not only affects the texture and productivity of soil but also affects the environment, health-related issues, and the non-target microorganism.
High Levels of Abject Poverty
Arguably, environmental unsustainability is due to both structural features and historically specific characteristics of industrial capitalism resulting in specific patterns of production and consumption, as well as population growth. Poverty has often contributed to unsustainable production and consumption patterns and ultimately to environmental degradation in the country. It has been observed that the objective of SCP is to: conserve natural resources through more efficient use so that human needs can be satisfied without exhausting the world’s finite supply of such resources, leaving behind enough for future generations; and ensure that the goods and services we produce and consume and the manner in which they are produced, used and discarded does not pollute the planet. The poor depend much more on nature for their livelihoods than the rich. Thus “natural” changes – for instance those brought about by climate change due to man-made activities – are likely to hit the poor much harder than the rich, although ultimately they will affect all. Thus, poverty may make communities more susceptible to environmental degradation or contribute to the same.
Food Wastage and losses at Consumer and Production Levels
It has been noted that although Sub-Saharan Africa faces severe food shortages, on one hand, it experiences high rates of postharvest loss on the other, with an estimation that about 50% of fruits and vegetables, 20% of cereals, pulses and legumes and 40% of roots and tubers are lost before they reach the consumer. Thus, such wastage and loss not only leaves the people hungry with inadequate food to consume but also exerts undue pressure on the lands for higher production of food to feed the ever growing population.
*This article is an extract from the Article “Promoting Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns in Kenya for Development” by Dr. Kariuki Muigua, PhD, Kenya’s ADR Practitioner of the Year 2021 (Nairobi Legal Awards), ADR Publisher of the Year 2021 and ADR Lifetime Achievement Award 2021 (CIArb Kenya). Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a foremost Environmental Law and Natural Resources Lawyer and Scholar, Sustainable Development Advocate and Conflict Management Expert in Kenya. Dr. Kariuki Muigua is a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Law and Dispute resolution at the University of Nairobi School of Law and The Center for Advanced Studies in Environmental Law and Policy (CASELAP). He has published numerous books and articles on Environmental Law, Environmental Justice Conflict Management, Alternative Dispute Resolution and Sustainable Development. Dr. Muigua is also a Chartered Arbitrator, an Accredited Mediator, the Africa Trustee of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and the Managing Partner of Kariuki Muigua & Co. Advocates. Dr. Muigua is recognized among the top 5 leading lawyers and dispute resolution experts in Kenya by the Chambers Global Guide 2022.
References
Muigua, K., “Promoting Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns in Kenya for Development,” Available at: http://kmco.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Promoting-Sustainable-Consumption-and-Production-Patterns-in-Kenya-for-Development-Kariuki-Muigua-Ph.D.pdf (accessed 15 May 2022).